The lecturer states that, although the three arguments provided by the reading passage are seemingly acceptable to prove that Pterosaurs were unable to fly, there are several points made by recent researchers indicating that Pterosaurs may be capable of powered flight. The lecturer casts doubt on each argument in the reading passage by presenting these recent viewpoints, as is presented below.
The flaw of the first argument in the reading passage is that Pterosaurs may not be cold-blooded. According to the lecturer, the fossils of Pterosaurs show that there were fur and hair covering on their body, which are commonly used by warm-blooded animals to keep body temperature. That is to say, it is likely that Pterosaurs were also warm-blooded so that they could supply sufficient energy to be able to fly.
In addition, based on anatomical features of Pterosaurs, their bones were hollow, as is mentioned by the lecturer. As a result of the hollow bones, Pterosaurs could be weight low despite they had large bodies. Therefore, they might be able to keep airborne by flapping their wings, which contradicts to the reading passage.
Moreover, the lecturer contends that there are differences between Pterosaurs and birds. The birds use only two legs for walking and running. However, Pterosaurs could use all four limbs to walk and run. As a result, they may be similar to bats which use their four limbs to push off from grounds to launch themselves to fly, which is a contrast to the passage.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...t viewpoints, as is presented below. The flaw of the first argument in the readi...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, may, moreover, so, therefore, in addition, as a result, that is to say
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1260.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 249.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.06024096386 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97237131171 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.73528472958 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 136.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.546184738956 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 378.9 419.366225166 90% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 1.25165562914 399% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.3118178834 49.2860985944 114% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.0 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.75 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.0 7.06452816374 113% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.32338791907 0.272083759551 119% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.114134578943 0.0996497079465 115% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0531085214618 0.0662205650399 80% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.189020207946 0.162205337803 117% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0453830225816 0.0443174109184 102% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.8 13.3589403974 96% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.