The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily newspaper.
"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports, over 40,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league soccer players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure exerted by coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities.
Since the disadvantages outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
The author of the statement above enumerates seemingly several disadvantages of the children in youth-league sports for the children under the age of nine to conclude that it is better to discontinue the Parkville organized athletic competition. The author makes this conclusion via several unsupported assumptions. With each assumption being potentially unwarranted, the whole conclusion is questionable.
First, the author assumes that 40,000 injuries are significant in quantity and in gravity. We do not know what fraction of the competitors injured in those competitions and also how serious the injuries were. It is possible that such 40.000 injuries happened among 4 million young players. If this is the case, then only one percent of the competitors damaged physically. With this ratio, the number of injuries would not be bold enough to be recognized as a serious disadvantage. Furthermore, the intensity of injuries is not known. May be most of the children suffered minor injuries which can be ignored. It is naturally in that age that the playful children get a little scratch on their legs, for instance. If the injuries are not that serious, the issue raised by the author would not be veritable.
Secondly, assuming that both the numbers and intensity of the injuries are significant, the author further assumes that it is due to attending all forms of sports that such injuries occur. It is possible that the injuries are frequent in certain kinds of aggressive sports and they are scarce in the other form of sports. Therefore, there would be no reason to cancel the whole fields of competition for the children since the risk of getting injured can be much less in the other fields. Moreover, the author cites the psychological pressure on the children to win in some soccer games, as another disadvantage. This may not be generalized to what happens in the Parkville competition. The competition might have so much fun for the students instead of any psychological pressure.
Thirdly, of course that a long-time of sport cessions can take away the time that should be dedicated to the education of the children. The problem is that the author hastily assumes that it takes a long time for each student to be involved in the Parkville competition. However, we do not know yet that how much the competition takes time. It might take quite a short time for each student to involve in this competition. If this is the case, there would be no limitation on the time of education by going to the athletic competition in Parkville.
In short, the author makes a conclusion via taking for granted several unsupported assumptions. As the assumptions are not buttressed with any evidence, the author’s argument cannot be tenable.
- The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc."A recent study of our customers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented Endure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks ar 60
- The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors."Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food s 60
- Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. 90
- claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future.Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate. 80
- The following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the city of Grandview When the Grandview Symphony was established ten years ago the city of Grandview agreed to provide the symphony with annual funding until the symphony became self sustaining T 82
argument 1 -- not OK
argument 2 -- OK
argument 3 -- not exactly.
-----------------------
Attribute Value Ideal
Score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 25 15
No. of Words: 453 350
No. of Characters: 2241 1500
No. of Different Words: 202 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.613 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.947 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.833 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 160 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 131 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 96 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 57 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 18.12 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 7.016 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.64 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.291 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.49 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.092 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5