In this letter the author contends with certainly dubious clues drawn from a recent study that the effects of birth order could be used upon human as well as monkeys. This study is about eighteen rhesus monkeys, which claims in stimulating situations, firstborn infant monkeys produce twice as much of the hormone cortisol as do their younger siblings and that firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations. What’s more, it provides with fact lacking considerations that the study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring. The three claims above deserve a close scrutiny, which no doubt leads to a more scientific analysis.
First in the place, the fact that firstborn infant monkeys produce twice as much of the hormone cortisol as do their younger siblings cannot prove that the amount of hormone cortisol is related with the order of birth. It’s totally possible that only the firstborn monkey produce that much hormone, whereas the siblings produce same amount of hormone. In this case, it merely indicate that the firstborn is different from others, instead of proving every single one is different from each other.
Moreover, the study showing first-mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring during pregnancy could prove nothing, owing to the lack of controlling variables such as the same mother. After all, the monkeys may vary among themselves because of different features, which causes the possibility that either one first-born mother might have lower levels of cortisol than another first-born mother, or one mother who had had several offspring could have higher levels of cortisol than other mothers who had had the same number of offspring as her. From the assumptions above, one can not determine unequivocally that the fact that one first-born mother has higher levels of cortisol than do those who have had several offspring could explain every possible situation.
Thirdly, even assuming all individual monkeys could be distinct in producing hormone, it’s still false to deduce that the same situation exists in humans for firstborn humans are certain to produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations. For instance, there could be no difference in humans, so the effect may well be studied by a series of following researches in depth, otherwise the effect of the order of birth is not likely to be proved given that a variable of species concerning the ability of producing hormone is already present, let alone the different situations mentioned in the brackets where a clear difference between humans and monkeys exists.
In retrospect, the author seems precipitous to draw a conclusion from a roughly designed study, which could hardly convince anyone. The author should reflect about the explanations presented above, and draw a conclusion after thinking twice about all possible situations in order to be more scientific as well as acceptable before applied to theories about humans.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 641, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: had
...r levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring. The three claims abo...
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Line 1, column 701, Rule ID: CLOSE_SCRUTINY[1]
Message: Use simply 'scrutiny'.
Suggestion: scrutiny
...pring. The three claims above deserve a close scrutiny, which no doubt leads to a more scienti...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 381, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'indicates'?
Suggestion: indicates
...unt of hormone. In this case, it merely indicate that the firstborn is different from ot...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 99, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: had
...r levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring during pregnancy coul...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 459, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: had
...er first-born mother, or one mother who had had several offspring could have higher lev...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 545, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: had
...vels of cortisol than other mothers who had had the same number of offspring as her. Fr...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, if, may, moreover, so, still, third, thirdly, well, whereas, after all, for instance, no doubt, such as, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 19.5258426966 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 13.0 12.4196629213 105% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 14.8657303371 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 24.0 11.3162921348 212% => Less relative clauses wanted (maybe 'which' is over used).
Pronoun: 26.0 33.0505617978 79% => OK
Preposition: 68.0 58.6224719101 116% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 12.9106741573 39% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2644.0 2235.4752809 118% => OK
No of words: 497.0 442.535393258 112% => OK
Chars per words: 5.3199195171 5.05705443957 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.72159896747 4.55969084622 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63253516752 2.79657885939 94% => OK
Unique words: 226.0 215.323595506 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.454728370221 0.4932671777 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 812.7 704.065955056 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59117977528 101% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 6.24550561798 48% => OK
Article: 6.0 4.99550561798 120% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 3.10617977528 32% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.77640449438 113% => OK
Preposition: 7.0 4.38483146067 160% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 20.2370786517 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 35.0 23.0359550562 152% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 86.2385455275 60.3974514979 143% => OK
Chars per sentence: 188.857142857 118.986275619 159% => OK
Words per sentence: 35.5 23.4991977007 151% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.14285714286 5.21951772744 175% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.97078651685 101% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 7.80617977528 77% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 10.2758426966 58% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 5.13820224719 58% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.83258426966 103% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.175800193658 0.243740707755 72% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0671737673078 0.0831039109588 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0546666437787 0.0758088955206 72% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.101139931727 0.150359130593 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0773593215478 0.0667264976115 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 21.4 14.1392134831 151% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 35.95 48.8420337079 74% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.92365168539 111% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.9 12.1743820225 139% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.17 12.1639044944 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.84 8.38706741573 105% => OK
difficult_words: 109.0 100.480337079 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 11.8971910112 151% => OK
gunning_fog: 16.0 11.2143820225 143% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.7820224719 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.