Based on the given materials, the article as well as the lecture discuss an experiment done on 70-million-year-old leg bone fossils of Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur, which could help scientists to find out the real material of the animal. The author states that by this experiment, scientists claimed existence of remained blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix. That being said, the lecturer provides several ideas to repudiate this claim.
Initially, the author says that many small branching channels with a soft, flexible organic material inside, have been seen inside the T.rex's leg bone, which can argue about relating with holes in the bones, which counted as the last houses of blood vessels. However, the lecturer explains that those organic materials could have remained from colonized bacteria activities which leave behind traces of organic substances, since the remained materials are as soft as mentioned materials. In addition, these bacteria lived in empty areas in bones, like the channels.
Second, the writer proclaims that some spheres have been seen, while observing inner bones of the dinosaur under microscope. These dark reddish center spheres contained essential material for transporting oxygen to tissues, iron. The author thinks that while scientists was founding spheres in fossils of other animals in the same place, reddish spheres have also been observed in fossils of primitive animals which did not have any red blood cells, so the researchers should have known that the spheres are just piece of reddish minerals.
The final point of contention between the reading and listening passage is existing collagen in the dinosaur leg bone fossils. The author thinks that observing collagen was not really unusual because it is a vital component of living bone tissues. On the other hand, the speaker explains that this specific material was not never found in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years, so as the reading says that this species of dinosaur is seventy million years old, a conflict started. In addition, the speaker claims that existence of the collagen in the observation should be from skin of bone's handlers, as the human skin are abundant of this substance.
- TOEFL T P O 46 - Integrated Writing Task 3
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- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should spend more money in support of the arts than in support of athletics such as state-sponsored Olympic teams. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 73
- TPO-32 - Integrated Writing TaskStarting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews 80
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?For the successful development of a country, it is more important for a government to spend money on the education of very young children (five to ten years old) than to spend money on universities. Us 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 4, column 127, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...lagen in the dinosaur leg bone fossils. The author thinks that observing collagen w...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, however, if, really, second, so, well, while, as to, in addition, as well as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 46.0 30.3222958057 152% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1885.0 1373.03311258 137% => OK
No of words: 356.0 270.72406181 131% => OK
Chars per words: 5.29494382022 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.34372677135 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56629527096 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 197.0 145.348785872 136% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.553370786517 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 568.8 419.366225166 136% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 74.1123407622 49.2860985944 150% => OK
Chars per sentence: 145.0 110.228320801 132% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.3846153846 21.698381199 126% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.76923076923 7.06452816374 110% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.243959822536 0.272083759551 90% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0828629228272 0.0996497079465 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0581137078735 0.0662205650399 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.144482619501 0.162205337803 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0473201900481 0.0443174109184 107% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.2 13.3589403974 129% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 44.07 53.8541721854 82% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.7 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.14 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 94.0 63.6247240618 148% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.