TPO 31 A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
The lecturer challenges the topic proposed in the reading that critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur because evidence strongly represent the structures is feathers. And these reasons are unconvincing.
First, the passage indicates that the fine lines may be formed after the animal's death. However, the professor points out that there is no decomposition in other animals' fossils in the site. So although it shows volcanic ash, it is likely that well preserved structures were feathers instead of fibers.
Second, the essay supposes that scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur's anatomy the structures were. But the lecturer supports that there is a large chemical difference between frills and feathers. feather contains a kind of protein which frill does not contain. And analysis displays that the fossil did contain that kind of protein, which proves that lines in the fossil were feathers.
Third, the article suggests that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. Nevertheless, the professor argues that feathers also have other uses. Another species have colorful feathers on their tails which is used to attract mates. Plus, recent studies show these structures in the fossil really include colorful feathers that is orange and white. Thus, it strongly substantiates feathers of dinosaurs are utilized to display.
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| 2019-12-28 | Salehi | 3 | view |
| 2019-12-27 | Bonjourkmm | 88 | view |
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| 2019-11-05 | Seema Modak | 71 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 74, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
... the fine lines may be formed after the animals death. However, the professor points ou...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 88, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'dinosaurs'' or 'dinosaur's'?
Suggestion: dinosaurs'; dinosaur's
...ot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaurs anatomy the structures were. But the le...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 224, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Feather
...difference between frills and feathers. feather contains a kind of protein which frill ...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, may, nevertheless, really, second, so, third, thus, well, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 19.0 30.3222958057 63% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1222.0 1373.03311258 89% => OK
No of words: 223.0 270.72406181 82% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.4798206278 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.86434787811 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.68439497691 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.614349775785 0.540411800872 114% => OK
syllable_count: 369.0 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.8148011191 49.2860985944 77% => OK
Chars per sentence: 87.2857142857 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.9285714286 21.698381199 73% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.85714285714 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.447212788779 0.272083759551 164% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.12469323567 0.0996497079465 125% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0828653676851 0.0662205650399 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.24695250042 0.162205337803 152% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0444724218305 0.0443174109184 100% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 47.79 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.21 12.2367328918 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.27 8.42419426049 110% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 63.6247240618 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 88.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.