The reading and the lecture are both about the flight capacity of an ancient group of winged reptiles, the pterosaurs. The author of the reading believes that the pterosaurs were not able to fly, whereas, the lecturer casts doubt on the claim made in the article. She thinks that they were able to take off, jump in the air and fly.
First of all, the author points out that such as modern reptiles are cold-blooded so were the ancient reptiles. It is mentioned that this type of metabolism is not able to provide enough energy to the pterosaurs to fly. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that recent fossils with a dense cover of hair and fur have been discovered, and since only warm-blooded animals have hair and fur, the pterosaurs were most probably warm-blooded animals, therefore they had enough energy to sustain a flight.
Secondly, the author contends that the pterosaurs were too heavy to be able to flap their wings fast enough and flying for long distance and time. The lecturer rebuts this argument. She elaborates in this mentioning that the anatomical features show that the bones are hollow and this reduce sensibly the weight of these reptiles.
Finally, the author states that the pterosaurs muscles were not developed so well to make these animals able to take off as other birds do. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that modern birds use two limbs for walking and launch themselves in the air. She puts forth the idea that pterosaurs used four limbs; therefore, they would have had the necessary strength to push themselves from the ground, jump in the air and fly.
- TPO-49 - Integrated Writing Task Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: the 88
- TPO-47 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life. 60
- TPO-34 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site.U 73
- TPO-34 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site.U 73
- TPO-31 - Integrated Writing Task A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some 80
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, second, secondly, so, therefore, well, whereas, such as, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1342.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 4.81003584229 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4133071898 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.537634408602 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 405.0 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 54.3585510385 49.2860985944 110% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.230769231 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4615384615 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.38461538462 7.06452816374 119% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.44077536852 0.272083759551 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.140518292951 0.0996497079465 141% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0897568449863 0.0662205650399 136% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.251865941631 0.162205337803 155% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0502148801895 0.0443174109184 113% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.62 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.62 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 52.0 63.6247240618 82% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.