Perceptual Constancy
How an object affects our senses depends in part on external conditions, and these conditions are always changing. An object viewed from one angle presents a different shape to our eye than when viewed from another angle; similarly, as the distance from which we view an object changes, the object will appear larger or smaller. In spite of this, even as conditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognize that they remain the same. This is what is known as perceptual constancy. If not for perceptual constancy, we might have difficulty recognizing familiar objects if we viewed them in a new and different context.
1. Let's take an everyday example-an ordinary round plat like you'd find in a kitchen.
2. If you hold the plate directly in front of your face and look at it, what shape do you see?
3. A perfect circle, right?
4. Suppose you tilt the plate to a different angle, to a horizontal position, like you are planning to put food on it.
5. Still a perfect circle?
6. No, the circle is now stretched out, flattened into an oval.
7. Do you conclude the plate has actually changed shape, or that it is a different object, not the same plate?
8. Of course not, it looks different, but we perceive it as still being the same.
9. Here is a different example.
10. This classroom we are in, it is fairly large, right?
11. Now, from up close, from the front row, I appear to be relatively big, bigger than if you were in the last row, right?
12. But let's say you are sitting in a front row today, but tomorrow you are sitting in the back row.
13. From back there I am going to look smaller, but you don't think I've actually gotten smaller.
14. You don't think you are seeing a different professor, a guy who looks like me except he is smaller.
15. No matter where you are, up close or for away, you understand without evening thinking about it that I am the same size, the same person.
| Post dates | Users | rates | Contents |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-04-28 | Tulips | 83.00 | Check this speaking |
| 2018-09-28 | chandr | 80.00 | Check this speaking |
| 2017-04-15 | mgrajapt | 90.00 | Check this speaking |
| 2018-08-03 | toeflbeginner | 66.00 | Check this speaking |
| 2016-10-23 | nasimn | 60.00 | Check this speaking |
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Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 722.0 592.248995984 122% => OK
No of words: 181.0 155.574297189 116% => OK
Chars per words: 3.98895027624 3.80514564318 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.66791821706 3.525876923 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.12324402658 1.79077849142 119% => OK
Unique words: 101.0 93.7148594378 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.558011049724 0.604071249207 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
Syllable count: 221.4 185.844578313 119% => OK
Avg_syllables_per_word: 1.2 1.19417670683 100% => OK
Performance on coherence:
Topic speech coherence ratio: 0.0257038165002 0.0650381309087 40% => It may have issues on recording quality or the content is not so closely related to content.
Acoustic performance on paragraphs:
How many acoustic paragraphs: 1.0 4.35341365462 23% => Need more acoustic paragraphs.
Average paragraph length: 181.0 68.503853103 264% => The average paragraph length is high.
STD paragraph length: 0.0 21.3332995233 0% => OK
Average paragraph duration: 59.26 25.9943957902 228% => Need to control the rhythm of the speech
STD paragraph duration: 0.0 7.84667146824 0% => The duration of acoustic paragraphs keeps same.
Acoustic performance on sentences:
How many acoustic sentences: 31.0 42.0642570281 74% => OK
Average acoustic sentence length: 5.83870967742 4.02192344571 145% => OK
STD acoustic sentence length: 3.77681188471 3.1217529195 121% => OK
Average acoustic sentences duration: 1.83870967742 1.45093177766 127% => OK
STD acoustic sentences duration: 1.02213168123 0.99851816184 102% => OK
Acoustic performance on acoustic silence:(An acoustic silence means a little pause between two or more words)
How many acoustic silence: 30.0 39.0421686747 77% => OK
Total acoustic silence duration: 8.42 7.12997991968 118% => OK
Average acoustic silence duration: 0.280666666667 0.185688545393 151% => Maybe the pauses are too long.
STD acoustic silence duration: 0.257098338298 0.155154303396 166% => The duration of acoustic silence changes often. It may have hesitations.
Acoustic performance on acoustic words:
Total word duration: 47.03 47.1480722892 100% => OK
Average word duration: 0.259834254144 0.305395592593 85% => OK
STD word duration: 0.144751549913 0.189427763521 76% => OK
Disfluencies: like hesitations, or 'ehn' or taking a long time to pronounce a word:
How many disfluencies: 7.0 7.94979919679 88% => OK
Total_disfluencies_duration: 4.71 6.2937751004 75% => OK
Total acoustic noise duration: 1.63 3.39508032129 48% => OK
Acoustic rates:
Total speech duration: 59.26 59.7592369478 99% => OK
Compare to expected duration: 0.987666666667 0.995987282463 99% => OK
Rate of silence: 0.506243671954 0.656000678711 77% => OK
Rate of speech: 3.05433682079 2.60215298798 117% => OK
Rate of speech by unique words: 1.70435369558 1.56821927147 109% => OK
Rate of word duration by unique words: 2.1475653838 1.99336655568 108% => OK
Average articulation rates: 0.291030861878 0.317803793328 92% => OK
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by speech e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the speech e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas.