Washington
29 September 2008
Precious stones and metals have long held an attraction, sometimes a fatal one. The gem trade is a multi-billion dollar business, and precious stones are a highly prized commodity. This has helped some countries develop into success stories and has provided sustenance for families in some of the world's poorest places. But it has also dragged others into despair. The gem trade has been used to finance wars, terrorize civilians and keep despots in power. VOA's Sonja Pace looks at the human cost of the gem industry. (Part 4 of 5)
The horrors of that war shocked the public, especially the scenes of innocent men, women and children with their limbs cut off by rebels, and youngsters being forced into combat. Efforts to publicize the link between the atrocities, the warlords and the diamonds paid off.
The movie Blood Diamonds helped. In it, Leonardo DiCaprio plays an ex-mercenary who sells arms to Sierra Leone rebels in exchange for diamonds. In the end, though, he gives up the business and helps publicize the illicit trade.
Global Witness was an advisor on the film, and Annie Dunnebacke says it had an impact. "I think bringing the message in sort of Hollywood terms to a much wider audience than possibly our reports get to, it does have value," she says.
Eventually, international pressure made the diamond industry sit up and listen. In 2003, the Kimberley Process came into being. It requires member governments to certify that exports and imports are free from blood diamonds. Industry associations said they would comply.
Tom Tweedy is a spokesman for DeBeers, the world's largest producer of rough diamonds. He says the Kimberley Process is a good way forward. "We have a system, and however imperfect it may be, it is probably the only comprehensive system of its type in the world," says Tweedy.
At the World Diamond Center in Antwerp, Director Philip Claes says that before the Kimberley Process, conflict diamonds accounted for 4 to 15 percent of rough diamonds traded worldwide. "Today, conflict diamonds account for only 0.2 percent of all rough diamonds traded worldwide," says Claes.
The emphasis is on certifying the origin of the diamonds to weed out goods traded illegally. Annie Dunnebacke of Global Witness says it's a good start but there are loopholes.
"There are huge weaknesses ranging obviously from porous borders in African artisanal producing countries and basic lack of infrastructure, corruption, things like this which are stopping the scheme from being implemented effectively, things that encourage a lot of smuggling, cross-border smuggling," she says.
In Johannesburg, diamond trader Janine Chaveau agrees. "I know quite a few people who are multi-millionaires who have never dealt in legal diamonds," she say, "it's always been illegal, blood diamonds."
Chaveau says she has been offered many undocumented diamonds. She says if they don't have papers, she doesn't touch them.
But, it's not just diamonds that are causing trouble. More than 90 percent of the world's rubies come from Burma, a poor country with a military government that controls the sale of gems. The trade helps maintain the government in power.
Human rights activists are working to tighten sanctions against Burmese rubies.
But, like with diamonds, the potential profits are large and many are willing to look the other way.
Rights activists are hoping consumers will start to ask more questions of the jewelers to make sure that the gem stone they buy is not sullied by anguish and blood.