24 November, 2019
For the first time, scientists have mapped the whole surface of Titan, the largest moon around Saturn. The map confirms existing data showing that Titan has many Earth-like qualities that might be able to support life.
The data was collected by Cassini, a spacecraft operated by the U.S. space agency NASA. The spacecraft studied Saturn and its moons from 2004 to 2017. Astronomers used images and radar measurements from Cassini to create the geological map of Titan.
The map shows Titan as a mixture of flat plains, hills and mountains, windblown sand areas, valleys and lakes. The mapping operation is described in a report published in Nature Astronomy.
Rosaly Lopes led the project. She is a planetary scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Lopes told the publication that the many similarities between Earth and Titan make the Saturn moon a great choice for continued exploration.
"Titan has an atmosphere like Earth. It has wind, it has rain, it has mountains," Lopes said. "It's a really very interesting world, and one of the best places in the solar system to look for life."
Titan is the only planet in our solar system besides Earth to have known bodies of liquid on its surface. But Titan's seas and lakes are filled with liquid methane rather than water. Methane, a gas, behaves as a liquid on Titan because the planet is extremely cold.
At cold temperatures, methane goes through similar changes as rain on Earth. It falls to the surface across the planet to form rivers and lakes and can then evaporate to form clouds again.
The map found that nearly two-thirds of Titan's surface is made up of flat plains, Nature reported. About 17 percent is covered in sandy hills shaped by the wind, mostly around the equator.
Unlike Earth, Titan's sand is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Around 14 percent of the surface is considered hilly or mountainous.
Seas and lakes filled with liquid methane cover an estimated 1.5 percent of Titan. The liquid exists mainly closer to the planet's poles, while the equatorial areas remain drier.
Ralph Lorenz is a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. He told the publication one of Cassini's most interesting discoveries "is that Titan is so diverse." Lorenz added: "It's almost like a completely different world, and this systematic mapping marshals that diversity."
Rosaly Lopes says organic materials – those containing carbon - in Titan's atmosphere are important for the growth of living organisms. "Organics are very important for the possibility of life on Titan, which many of us think likely would have evolved in the liquid water ocean under Titan's icy crust," she said.
Scientists believe the mixing of organic material and liquid could have caused complex molecules to develop, or possibly life itself.
The search for possible life on Titan will continue when NASA launches its Dragonfly mission to explore the planet in 2026. Dragonfly is a drone, or pilotless aircraft. It is designed to capture images from above Titan as well as to land on the planet to collect data.
Dragonfly is not expected to arrive at Titan until 2034. But when it does, Lopes and her team will be excitedly awaiting its findings. "It is not only scientifically important but also really cool - a drone flying around on Titan," she said. "It will be really exciting."
I'm Bryan Lynn.
Bryan Lynn wrote this story for VOA Learning English, based on reports from Nature Astronomy, NASA, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. Caty Weaver was the editor.
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Words in This Story
plain – n. large area of flat land
diverse – adj. including many different types
marshal – v. bring together
evolve – v. develop over time
crust – n. hard, dry layer on the surface of something
mission – n. a task or job that someone is given to do