02 November, 2014
Five years ago, the Mars Rover Spirit got stuck in sand on the red planet. Spirit is one of the American space agency's two motorized vehicles on Mars. Recently, the other vehicle – Curiosity -- had to go a long way to avoid another sandy area. These incidents led some scientists to develop ways to keep the costly robots from being trapped in the sand. These scientists looked to nature for their ideas.
The researchers flew deadly snakes to Zoo Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia. The snakes, called sidewinder rattlers, are native to the southwestern United States.
The creatures were put in a specially designed sandbox with inclines that could be raised up or lowered. The scientists used high-speed video cameras to record the position of the snakes as they moved sideways up different inclines. Their movement is called sidewinding.
Daniel Goldman teaches physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. He says the snakes moved easily in the sand -- even when the sand began moving.
"They were quite good at climbing angles, even close to the angle where the sand begins to cascade."
Mr. Goldman and other researchers wrote about their findings in the journal Science. They are said to be the first to explain this kind of snake movement.
"We noticed that the animals were in fact sidewinding, using the same kind of pattern of sidewinding they use on hard ground, but laying instead of only a few points of contact on the body contacting the ground, they were essentially laying more and more snake body down on the hill as the incline angle increased."
Researchers then performed experiments with a robot developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. The robot is called MOD-Snake. It is one meter long, and has 16 parts or modules. Each module is 6 centimeters wide. Daniel Goldman says the robot has a long history of getting in and out of tight places.
"It turned out they had actually been using the sidewinding gait in their robot for many years to traverse all kinds of ground, but always had trouble on sandy dune inclines."
Researchers wanted to get the MOD-Snake to climb in the same way as the sidewinder rattlers.
"And those same waves existed in the robot and allowed it to make its maneuvers and allowed us to modify those waves to make the kind of maneuvers that the snake did on sand dunes of different inclines -- that is, laying down more robot as the hill angle increased."
The researchers performed the same experiment with other snakes closely related to the rattlers. But all of those creatures failed to slide up the inclines.
Joe Mendelson is research director at Zoo Atlanta. He says the robot model helped explain why those snakes have trouble climbing.
"We found a really fascinating system where the snake informs what the robot can do, and then we can manipulate the robot to do the things that either the snake won't do or can't do. And so we have this self-informing system that has really opened up new parameters within snake biology and robotics."
Mr. Mendelson adds that the next generation of Mod-Snake may be used to save lives or explore unexplored areas on Earth or even in space.
"Robots are expensive. And a robot gets stuck in the sand, that's a problem, especially if that sand happens to be, say, on one or another planet, or very distant from an exploration post. And you realize, part of going into this, we realize that sidewinders never ever, ever get stuck on sand!"
The researchers hope the new sidewinder robot will travel up and down sand dunes just as well.
I'm Jonathan Evans.
*VOA's Rosanne Skirble wrote this story. Jonathan Evans wrote it for Learning English. George Grow was the editor.
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Words in this Story
incline – n., a slanting surface ; slope
module – n., one of a set of parts that can be connected or combined to build or complete something
rattler - n., an informal name for an American snake with a group of hard, loose pieces called scales at the end of its tail that it shakes to make a noise
sidewinding - n., the movement of something, especially the movement of some types of snakes, along its side across a surface
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