Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading and lecture are about the flying capabilities possessed by the Pterosaurs. The author on the reading passage feels that Pterosaurs, which were tantamount to Giraffe lacks the ability to fly, and provides three reasons for support. However, the lecturer on the reading passage indicates that recent evidence about the Pterosaurs suggests they have the capacity to fly, and refutes each of the authors' reasons.
To begin with, the reading says that Pterosaurs are the cold-blooded animal, and thus they have a low metabolism rate, which finally does not produce enough energy required for the powerful flight. However, the speaker claims that recent findings suggest their body have a high metabolism, and study of the fossil indicates that their body was covered by the dense air like materials i.e. fur like substances. This types of body development are found in animals which could survive in cold external condition, As a result, their body can produce heat and finally can make a flight.
Moreover, the reading claims that these animals were large enough as the size of the Giraffe, and therefore, due to the heavyweight it could be able to fly. But, the speaker on the listening passage points out that Pterosaurs despite the large body size, have hollow bones which would make them light in weight. Consequently, they could take a flight.
Finally, the author posits that due to the lack of powerful muscles in the hindlimbs like a bird, Pterosaurs could not be able to take off from the ground. On the contrary, the professor opposes it by saying that there would not be any trouble for the Pterosaurs to launch in the air. According to the Professor, although bats like mammal have four limbs, they can take a good flight. Therefore, with the four limbs of Pterosaurs, it can have a good takeoff or launch in the air.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 244, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...and provides three reasons for support. The lecturer on the reading passage indicat...
^^^
Line 3, column 94, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...large enough as the size of the Giraffe, and therefore, due to the heavyweight it...
^^
Line 3, column 296, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: light
...have hollow bones which would make them light in weight. Consequently, they could take a flight...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, finally, however, moreover, so, therefore, thus, as a result, on the contrary, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 41.0 30.3222958057 135% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1522.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 310.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 4.90967741935 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19604776685 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50693938045 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 463.5 419.366225166 111% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.4304531773 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 117.076923077 110.228320801 106% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.8461538462 21.698381199 110% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.53846153846 7.06452816374 121% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.150924989793 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0542224598662 0.0996497079465 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0401615237703 0.0662205650399 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0963426318553 0.162205337803 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0432013106646 0.0443174109184 97% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.6 13.3589403974 102% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.04 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.