Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.
One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.
A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems.
Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading passage contends that the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not face, and presents several evidences that seem to uphold the claim. However, the lecture disapproves the problems mentioned in the reading passage by commenting that solutions for such problems have been proposed by scientists. The points made in the lecture will be elaborated in more detail below.
First of all, the lecture refutes the point made in the reading passage, which claims that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years, by mentioning that this problem can be solved with a technique called hydroponics. Through this technique, astronauts would be able to grow plants with water in the roots instead of soil, and would take up only a little amount of space. This would allow them to cultivate food in space, recycle the waste water into clean vapor and drink it, and breathe the fresh air provided by the vegetation.
Secondly, while the reading passage asserts that astronauts on Mars would have to live in a zero-gravity environment of space for a long time, the lecture counterpoints this claim by explaining that there are many space stations orbiting around the Earth, which also consists of zero-gravity environment, and number of astronauts live in there for a long time. They would exercise regularly to prevent the muscle from decreasing, and would consume additional vitamins and minerals to prevent the reduction of bone density. If the astronauts who are on a mission to Mars adapt the same methodology, this would not be a problem.
Last but not least, the reading passage maintains that astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation emitted from the Sun. However, the lecture disputes this assertion by mentioning that the Sun does not emit dangerous level of solar radiation all the time but actually happens occasionally. By monitoring the solar radiation to detect its level and staying at a small shelter that can shield the solar radiation until the danger has passed would solve the problem. Moreover, because the shelter is very lightweight, it would not cause any pressure to the space shuttle.
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, first, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, while, at least, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 5.04856512141 277% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 56.0 30.3222958057 185% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1869.0 1373.03311258 136% => OK
No of words: 373.0 270.72406181 138% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.01072386059 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.39467950092 4.04702891845 109% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64523917341 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 198.0 145.348785872 136% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.530831099196 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 570.6 419.366225166 136% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 28.0 21.2450331126 132% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 69.00501654 49.2860985944 140% => OK
Chars per sentence: 143.769230769 110.228320801 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 28.6923076923 21.698381199 132% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.84615384615 7.06452816374 111% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.110357672937 0.272083759551 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0427664540837 0.0996497079465 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0512003343686 0.0662205650399 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0739979171261 0.162205337803 46% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0448454436972 0.0443174109184 101% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.5 13.3589403974 124% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.52 53.8541721854 96% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.0 11.0289183223 118% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.37 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.62 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 85.0 63.6247240618 134% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.2 10.498013245 126% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.