Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity—a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The article and the lecture both discuss the possibility of humpback whales navigation by the stars. The author argues that according to the observations it is evident that whales use the stars to navigate, while the lecturer refutes the claims made in the article. The lecturer contends that there are no convincing evidence to confirm that whales do navigate by the stars.
First of all, the author claims that due to the high cognitive ability of the whales, they can use night sky as a sensor to navigate their own path. However, the lecturer raises a challenge to this perspective, asserting that these is no general conncetion between the intellectual ability of the animals and their navigation. Citing the examples the docks, he says that docks have average intelligence, but they can navigate. The navigation is more related to the animals instinct than the intelligence.
Secondly, the author suggests that according to the fact that whales can migrate in straight direction and knowing that animals need external object or force to maintain their direction, they are reliant on the stars because there is no extenal objects in the ocean except stars. On the contrary, the lecturer's stance is that the whales' external force is earth magnetic field which is sense by the whales' biomagnetite.
Lastly, the reading postulates that spy-hopping behavior of the whales which is rare among the aquatic animals is for observing the stars for navigating. On the flip side, the lecturer offers an opposing viewpoint by contending that other animals like sharks have this behavior, however, they do not even migrate. He notes that, shrks utilize this action
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 267, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...refutes the claims made in the article. The lecturer contends that there are no con...
^^^
Line 3, column 301, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'lecturers'' or 'lecturer's'?
Suggestion: lecturers'; lecturer's
...cean except stars. On the contrary, the lecturers stance is that the whales external forc...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, lastly, second, secondly, so, while, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1389.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.12546125461 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65000662192 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 147.0 145.348785872 101% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.542435424354 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 436.5 419.366225166 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 57.7477753299 49.2860985944 117% => OK
Chars per sentence: 115.75 110.228320801 105% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5833333333 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.25 7.06452816374 103% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.185670997514 0.272083759551 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0684286442168 0.0996497079465 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0393252083965 0.0662205650399 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.110352777308 0.162205337803 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0251980848118 0.0443174109184 57% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 13.3589403974 105% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.77 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.98 8.42419426049 107% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.