Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading and the lecture both discuss Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight or whether they were able only to glide. .
While the reading states that there are several arguments have been made against powered flight.
The lecture refutes rhis , by saying that the Pterosaurs were cabable of powred flight .
First of all , the reading claims that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well so pterosaurs would not have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.However , the lecture argues that Pterosaurs have a warm blood because Pterosaurs skin covering by a hiar which makes it is blood has high- tempreture.
In addition , the reading makes the argument is that some Pterosaurs have probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
The lecture argues this point by stating that Pterosaurs have a holo bones which make them weight low nough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Lastly , the reading argues that
The lecture counter this claim by pointing out that Pterosaurs use four legs to jump because they walk on the land by using four legs , not like birds which walk using on the land using tow legs .
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 174, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...r whether they were able only to glide. . While the reading states that there ar...
^
Line 1, column 176, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...whether they were able only to glide. . While the reading states that there are sever...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 25, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...owered flight. The lecture refutes rhis , by saying that the Pterosaurs were caba...
^^
Line 3, column 87, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...Pterosaurs were cabable of powred flight . First of all , the reading claims t...
^^
Line 5, column 13, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...able of powred flight . First of all , the reading claims that since modern re...
^^
Line 5, column 153, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...rs were probably cold-blooded as well so pterosaurs would not have been able to g...
^^
Line 5, column 228, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: However
...le to generate the energy needed to fly.However , the lecture argues that Pterosaurs ha...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 235, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...enerate the energy needed to fly.However , the lecture argues that Pterosaurs have...
^^
Line 7, column 12, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...od has high- tempreture. In addition , the reading makes the argument is that ...
^^
Line 10, column 7, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
... aloft for any length of time. Lastly , the reading argues that The lecture c...
^^
Line 10, column 33, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ime. Lastly , the reading argues that The lecture counter this claim by pointi...
^^^
Line 11, column 134, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...they walk on the land by using four legs , not like birds which walk using on the ...
^^
Line 11, column 195, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...ch walk using on the land using tow legs .
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, lastly, so, well, while, in addition, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1104.0 1373.03311258 80% => OK
No of words: 221.0 270.72406181 82% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.99547511312 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.85565412703 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41903291148 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 120.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.542986425339 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 328.5 419.366225166 78% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 31.0 21.2450331126 146% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 91.4703029761 49.2860985944 186% => OK
Chars per sentence: 157.714285714 110.228320801 143% => OK
Words per sentence: 31.5714285714 21.698381199 146% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.7142857143 7.06452816374 152% => OK
Paragraphs: 8.0 4.09492273731 195% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 13.0 4.19205298013 310% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.279519150336 0.272083759551 103% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.142216386786 0.0996497079465 143% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.110423029918 0.0662205650399 167% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.124557182352 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.113400235177 0.0443174109184 256% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.9 13.3589403974 134% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.47 53.8541721854 90% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 11.0289183223 129% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.31 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.89 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 38.0 63.6247240618 60% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.4 10.498013245 137% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 61.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.