How to spot a Liar
However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are not – and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human beings- who, according to psychologist Gerald Johnson of the University of South California, or lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every 5 minutes- often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can’t get by other means.
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled webs- if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognise the tell-tale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers – like those used on Lie Detector -to get at the truth by analysing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. “With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies,” says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of deception.
In order to know what kind of Lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other people’s emotional states. Ackman’s research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do.
Even high-tech lie detectors don’t detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when people are nervous – as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conducts electricity. That’s why sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness -about getting caught, perhaps -which makes, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the lights in the television Studio are too hot- which is one reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. “Good lie detectors don’t rely on a single thing” says Ekma ,but interpret clusters of verbal and non-verbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.”
The clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that processes emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurological studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people -most notably, actors and politicians- are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liars true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception. We don’t think before we feel, Ekman says. “Expressions tend to show up on the face before we’re even conscious of experiencing an emotion.”
One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake- or conceal, if it’s genuinely felt - is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will but almost everybody. “ If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners of their eyebrows don’t go up, Ekmam says, the sadness is probably false.”
The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles -the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the lips- to produce a grin. But there’s a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive “crow’s feet” associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the corners of the lips go up, the eyes crinkle, but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why the smile looks so strained and stiff.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-02-01 | Joycesharmila | 11 | view |
- educational/teaching feedback in schools to improve 67
- You play sport.(e.g.football) for a local team. You recently heard that a player in your team is in hospital.Write a letter to your team mate. In your letter.Say how to you feel about the news.Ask about the treatment in the hospital.Suggest some ways of c 73
- Your friend has agreed to take care of your flat when you are away 73
- Your friend has agreed to take care of your flat when you are away 73
- You play sport.(e.g.football) for a local team. You recently heard that a player in your team is in hospital.Write a letter to your team mate. In your letter.Say how to you feel about the news.Ask about the treatment in the hospital.Suggest some ways of c 78
Grammar and spelling errors:
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...eans. But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skil...
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...people can learn to reliably detect lies,' says Paul Ekman, professor of psycholo...
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...rease when people are nervous – as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically pe...
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...on conducts electricity. That's why sudden leap in skin conductivity indica...
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...cts electricity. That's why sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nerv...
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... don't rely on a single thing' says Ekma ,but interpret clusters of ver...
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... that processes emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurologica...
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...de of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side...
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...ers of the lips go up, the eyes crinkle, but the inner corners of the eyebrows ar...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, briefly, but, however, if, look, may, so, for example, for instance, kind of, you know, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 37.0 13.1623246493 281% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 16.0 7.85571142285 204% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 29.0 10.4138276553 278% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 23.0 7.30460921844 315% => Less relative clauses wanted (maybe 'which' is over used).
Pronoun: 41.0 24.0651302605 170% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 117.0 41.998997996 279% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 13.0 8.3376753507 156% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 4463.0 1615.20841683 276% => Less number of characters wanted.
No of words: 881.0 315.596192385 279% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.06583427923 5.12529762239 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 5.44808628413 4.20363070211 130% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.82560178224 2.80592935109 101% => OK
Unique words: 469.0 176.041082164 266% => Less unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.532349602724 0.561755894193 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 1365.3 506.74238477 269% => syllable counts are too long.
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.60771543086 93% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 5.43587174349 92% => OK
Article: 15.0 2.52805611222 593% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 5.0 2.10420841683 238% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 8.0 0.809619238477 988% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 8.0 4.76152304609 168% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 37.0 16.0721442886 230% => Too many sentences.
Sentence length: 23.0 20.2975951904 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 59.9693006439 49.4020404114 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 120.621621622 106.682146367 113% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.8108108108 20.7667163134 115% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.27027027027 7.06120827912 46% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 7.0 4.38176352705 160% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 10.0 5.01903807615 199% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 12.0 8.67935871743 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 18.0 3.9879759519 451% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 3.4128256513 205% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0527999156068 0.244688304435 22% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0127380979457 0.084324248473 15% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0334635863909 0.0667982634062 50% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.027941075237 0.151304729494 18% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0373809158734 0.056905535591 66% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.4 13.0946893788 110% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 50.2224549098 113% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.44779559118 118% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.3001002004 98% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.42 12.4159519038 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.81 8.58950901804 103% => OK
difficult_words: 225.0 78.4519038076 287% => Less difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 9.78957915832 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.1190380762 111% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 10.7795591182 102% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum five paragraphs wanted.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 11.2359550562 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 9
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.