Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
Recently, there is a ton of debate about remaining evidence inside a 70-million-year-old fossil of a T. rex's leg bone. More specifically, regarding the passage, the author puts forth the idea that according to some minerals found inside the bone, they seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix. In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. In fact, the professor believes that each remaining evidence inside the T. rex's leg bone is not what scientists believe to be, and addresses, in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First of all, the writer states that many small branching channels inside of the bone probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels where once located. Some professionals in the same field stand in firm opposition to this claim. The professor, for example, believes that the soft substance found inside the channels are not blood vessels. According to the professor, there are some kinds of bacteria that colonize inside bones after the animal's death and this soft substance is probably the traces of soft moist residue of their colonies.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, think that the presence of spheres inside the bone could be the remains of red blood cells because of the existence of iron which is vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Not all experts in the field believe this is accurate. Again, the professor addresses this point when he says that iron remains inside the bone is identical to the findings of some other animals. He states that these remains were also inside primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells. Hence, they cannot be from different origin. He posits that it originates from pieces of reddish mineral.
Finally, the writer wraps up this argument by proposing that the scientists found Collagen on the dinousar leg bone, which is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, and it is evident that this is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this claim by contending that Collagen cannot last long inside the animals. Therefore, finding Collagen inside a 70-million-year-old fossil will contradict our idea about their durability. He also explains that Collagen on this bone does not come from the T. rex, and it probably exists there because of scientists' skins.
- TOEFL T P O 21 Integrated Writing Task genetic modification 3
- tpo 24 the T rex fossil still had actual tissue 70
- Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals Thus scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70 million ye 3
- Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals Thus scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70 million ye 3
- The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C E There were unusually harsh winters and glaciers grew larger in many areas Scientists have long wondered what c 63
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 456, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
...ia that colonize inside bones after the animals death and this soft substance is probab...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, hence, if, regarding, so, therefore, for example, in fact, kind of, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 21.0 12.0772626932 174% => OK
Pronoun: 37.0 22.412803532 165% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 68.0 30.3222958057 224% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2137.0 1373.03311258 156% => OK
No of words: 429.0 270.72406181 158% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.98135198135 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.55107846309 4.04702891845 112% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65018255916 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 206.0 145.348785872 142% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.480186480186 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 657.0 419.366225166 157% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 21.0 13.0662251656 161% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 73.4104418358 49.2860985944 149% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.761904762 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.4285714286 21.698381199 94% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.85714285714 7.06452816374 69% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 14.0 4.27373068433 328% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0703851411312 0.272083759551 26% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0238548314681 0.0996497079465 24% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0350113877216 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0455457494062 0.162205337803 28% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0126738897346 0.0443174109184 29% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.2 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.09 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 94.0 63.6247240618 148% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.