Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
Both the reading and the listening discuss the possibility of animal fossils to provide actual tissues of animals. The reading argues that animal fossil can provide an actual animal tissue using a 70-millionyear-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T.rex) as evidence by stating three different point, however, the professors contradict each of these three points presented by the reading.
First of all, the passage states that the soft, flexible organic substance inside the fossilized leg bone of the T.rex may really represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T.rex. In contrast, the professor argues that the soft organic substance inside the bone may be something else, it may not be necessarily mean the blood vessel of the fossilized bone, it can be the material blood vessels and can also be trace back to the soft residue left by the researchers.
Second of all, the author argues that an examination of the leg bone shows the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells and it has a dark red center which is about the size of the red blood cells. However, the lecturer strongly rejects this view by claiming that the sphere can be as a result of a pieces of reddish minerals which can be found on the bone. Besides, there is no direct evidence linking this to the red blood cells.
Finally, the text show that the fossilized leg bone contain collagen which is an indication of the component of living bone tissue. In contradiction, the listening asserts that collagen can never be found in animal if it last more than 1000years, not to talk of a fossil that is 70million-years-old. He claims that the collagen may probably come from the skin of the researcher who are handling the bone as human being has collagen in their body.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 321, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a piece' or simply 'pieces'?
Suggestion: a piece; pieces
...g that the sphere can be as a result of a pieces of reddish minerals which can be found ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 222, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lasts'?
Suggestion: lasts
...agen can never be found in animal if it last more than 1000years, not to talk of a f...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, however, if, may, really, second, so, in contrast, as a result, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1471.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 305.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 4.82295081967 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17902490978 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72982275547 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.491803278689 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 445.5 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 63.3968453474 49.2860985944 129% => OK
Chars per sentence: 147.1 110.228320801 133% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.7 7.06452816374 151% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.144340967453 0.272083759551 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.072755016728 0.0996497079465 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0899416434016 0.0662205650399 136% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.10251126018 0.162205337803 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.107762686113 0.0443174109184 243% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.5 13.3589403974 124% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.49 53.8541721854 92% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.27 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.