Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world's pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
The passage focus upon the replacement of combustion engine with hydrogen based fuel cell stating different advantages for the same. The lecturer feels that the maufacturers seems optmistic towards hydrogen based engine. She disagrees with all the advantages claimed by passage and casts doubt upon them stating three reasons.
First, according to text combustion engine is based on petroleum which can run out of stock in future. Moreover, hydrogen that can be used for the fuel purposes has many sources and can easily be available. In contrast, the monologue states that hydrogen is not easily available directly. It has to be extracted from natral gas and water. In addition the techonology used to store this pure hydrogen is not available, as it need higher cooling technology for storage.
Second, from author's point of view , hydrogen based fuel engine do not harm the enviornment as the only by product of this engine is water as compared to the internal combustion engine, which emits carbondioxide. Conversely, orater rebuks saying hydrogen usage enhances enviornmental pollution. Lot of energy is used to purify this component b;y buring coal and gas.
Lastly, the author of the passage claims that hyrogen fuel engine will be more economical in terms of money beacuse it is twice more efficient than the old combustion engine. In opposition, the speaker declares that hydrogen fuel cell engine are more expensive because its manufacturing is done by platinum component which is very expensive. So, cost will rise instead of decreasing.
These were the three counter points by speaker to cast doubt upon the passage and its claims.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-11-29 | negooo | 80 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | Kalyani_tekade_24 | 60 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | 1ms19ec133 | 80 | view |
| 2022-09-04 | jimHsu | 80 | view |
| 2022-08-21 | dnudlyjgtnudbphwev | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 180, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...cturer feels that the maufacturers seems optmistic towards hydrogen based engine....
^^
Line 3, column 93, Rule ID: IN_PAST[1]
Message: Did you mean: 'in the future'?
Suggestion: in the future
...on petroleum which can run out of stock in future. Moreover, hydrogen that can be used fo...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 343, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[2]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: addition,
...extracted from natral gas and water. In addition the techonology used to store this pure...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 35, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...e. Second, from authors point of view , hydrogen based fuel engine do not harm ...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, first, if, lastly, moreover, second, so, as to, in addition, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1390.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.24528301887 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.69273724146 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.577358490566 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 441.9 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 45.4617788184 49.2860985944 92% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.6666666667 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6666666667 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.6 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.26154280075 0.272083759551 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0776724912584 0.0996497079465 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0776258827397 0.0662205650399 117% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.125761653199 0.162205337803 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0638441298371 0.0443174109184 144% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 45.76 53.8541721854 85% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.87 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.65 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.