As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.
One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.
A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were usedto store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.
A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific theories discussed in the reading passage.
The reading states that, archaeologists never agreed upon the usage of the settlements of Chaco Canyon which is notable for great houses. The article provided three competing theories to explain the possible use of those houses. However, the lecturer opposes all the theories and provides explanations to justify his claim.
First, the article says the Chaco settlements were purely residential having the capacity to provide residential facility to hundreds of people. It was quite similar to the reputed apartment buildings at Taos New Mexico. The professor denies the claim by stating that the interior of the houses were dubious. He says that, though the houses looks like North American apartment buildings but the interior doesn't have enough fireplaces. There were around 10 fireplaces which is insufficient to support a hundred families accommodation.
Second, the reading posits that the houses could be used for large storage of foods. For example the people of that period used to grow maize which was a long lasting crop. However, the professor refute this by saying that neither maize found in the floor of those houses nor maize container found in those sites. So the evidences opt-out the possibilities of the houses to be used as storage.
Finally, the article claims that those houses could have been used as ceremonial centers for it's large capacity. The lecturer opposes this by saying that the mound found in those houses was containing constructions materials instead of cultural artifacts. They were mostly trash piles. Which falsify the possiblit
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|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-09-20 | Mehnu | 3 | view |
| 2019-09-09 | brijeshshah41 | 3 | view |
| 2019-09-20 | Mehnu | 3 | view |
| 2019-09-09 | brijeshshah41 | 3 | view |
| 2019-09-20 | Mehnu | 3 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 405, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...an apartment buildings but the interior doesnt have enough fireplaces. There were arou...
^^^^^^
Line 13, column 187, Rule ID: PROGRESSIVE_VERBS[1]
Message: This verb is normally not used in the progressive form. Try a simple form instead.
...ng that the mound found in those houses was containing constructions materials instead of cult...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 274, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'trashed'.
Suggestion: trashed
...of cultural artifacts. They were mostly trash piles. Which falsify the possiblit
^^^^^
Line 13, column 287, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Which” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...rtifacts. They were mostly trash piles. Which falsify the possiblit
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, look, second, so, for example
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1334.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 250.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.336 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97635364384 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62188939507 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 143.0 145.348785872 98% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.572 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 405.9 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.8673826807 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 83.375 110.228320801 76% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.625 21.698381199 72% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.9375 7.06452816374 56% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.143893811706 0.272083759551 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0463155477137 0.0996497079465 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0461676764627 0.0662205650399 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0886081286503 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0511895670062 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.5 13.3589403974 86% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 56.25 53.8541721854 104% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.4 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.61 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.