As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.
One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.
A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were usedto store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.
A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.
The reading and lecture are about the uses of Chaco houses--along with it's purposes, and provides three reason for support. However, the professor explains that the theories which were given by author are not convincing and refutes each of the author's reasons.
First, reading claims that these Chaco houses were pure for the residental purpose in which hundreds of people use to live, and it appear like a apartment-building. The speaker opposes the author's evidences claims that the houses looks the more recent form of South-western societies only from morphologically and cast doubts inside the inner appearance of the houses. He also states that if hundreds of people used to lives inside the house as a residental then there should be a hundreds of fire places. However, there is no fire places and speaker's theories seems unconvincing.
Second, reading posits that Chaco structure were used to store the foods supplies--like maize. and used for the preservation for a long period of time without spoilage; and the size of houses allows these facilities a suitable cases. However, the speaker's refutes it by giving the explanation: If houses were used for storage of maize grains, then there should be the shattering and spilled of maize grains into the floor, and the author's claim does not seems plausible.
Third, the reading that houses acts as a ceremonial centres--Pubelo Alto; and found a mound which contains a number of breaking pots. He states that gathering at Publeo- Alto for a special ceremonies in which they ate different festive meals. The speaker opposes this points by mound does not contains the pots; and it contains the large quantities of sand, stone and building material. Thus, pubelo-alto is not the good evidence that house was used for ceremonial pu
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| 2020-01-14 | Kalima | 76 | view |
| 2019-12-12 | sandeshbhandari2 | 76 | view |
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| 2019-11-29 | Apolytos | 70 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 112, Rule ID: USE_TO_VERB[1]
Message: Did you mean 'used'?
Suggestion: used
...tal purpose in which hundreds of people use to live, and it appear like a apartment...
^^^
Line 3, column 132, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'appears'?
Suggestion: appears
... hundreds of people use to live, and it appear like a apartment-building. The speaker ...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 144, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... people use to live, and it appear like a apartment-building. The speaker opposes...
^
Line 3, column 480, Rule ID: A_HUNDREDS[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. Consider using: 'a hundred'
Suggestion: a hundred
...se as a residental then there should be a hundreds of fire places. However, there is no fi...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 480, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a hundred' or simply 'hundreds'?
Suggestion: a hundred; hundreds
...se as a residental then there should be a hundreds of fire places. However, there is no fi...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 96, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: And
...o store the foods supplies--like maize. and used for the preservation for a long pe...
^^^
Line 5, column 137, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...nd used for the preservation for a long period of time without spoilage; and the size of house...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 228, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'case'?
Suggestion: case
...uses allows these facilities a suitable cases. However, the speakers refutes it by gi...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 455, Rule ID: DOES_X_HAS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'seem'? As 'do' is already inflected, the verb cannot also be inflected.
Suggestion: seem
...e floor, and the authors claim does not seems plausible. Third, the reading that ho...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 455, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[3]
Message: The verb 'does' requires base form of the verb: 'seem'
Suggestion: seem
...e floor, and the authors claim does not seems plausible. Third, the reading that ho...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 294, Rule ID: DOES_X_HAS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'contain'? As 'do' is already inflected, the verb cannot also be inflected.
Suggestion: contain
...r opposes this points by mound does not contains the pots; and it contains the large qua...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 294, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[3]
Message: The verb 'does' requires base form of the verb: 'contain'
Suggestion: contain
...r opposes this points by mound does not contains the pots; and it contains the large qua...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, look, second, so, then, third, thus
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1497.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 293.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.10921501706 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13729897018 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7939442921 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 158.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.539249146758 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 454.5 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 7.0 1.51434878587 462% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 43.8809578466 49.2860985944 89% => OK
Chars per sentence: 115.153846154 110.228320801 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5384615385 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.69230769231 7.06452816374 66% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 12.0 4.19205298013 286% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.109768322717 0.272083759551 40% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0429117142686 0.0996497079465 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0276258791191 0.0662205650399 42% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0699520417626 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00182728996153 0.0443174109184 4% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.9 13.3589403974 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.65 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.23 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.