As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their “great houses,” massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.
One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known “apartment buildings” at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.
A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.
A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.
Both the reading passage and the listening discuss how the massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms were used. The former argues that there are three ways the buildings were used, but the latter contradicts each of these points.
First of all, the author of the passage claims that Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. However, the lecturer contends that although the outside structure seems plausible, the inside structure casts serious doubt. The lecturer thinks that if hundreds of people were lived, there would have to be hundreds of fireplaces, but just ten fireplaces were found. Hence, it is unpersuasive.
Second of all, the writer of the passage asserts that Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. Notwithstanding, the audio maintains that this claim is unsupported by the evidence, he adds that if the structures were used for food supplies, then there would have been so many maize and maize containers, but not so many maize or maize containers were uncovered.
Third of all, the reading passage declares that the houses were used as ceremonial centers. Nevertheless, the man in the listening avers that the mound contains a large quantity of building material's trash, he adds that mounds are just trash material. Moreover, he thinks that pot is also regular trash.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, hence, however, if, moreover, nevertheless, second, so, then, third, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 18.0 30.3222958057 59% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1139.0 1373.03311258 83% => OK
No of words: 218.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.2247706422 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.84250218741 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63769445432 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 126.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.577981651376 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 335.7 419.366225166 80% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 58.6470039676 49.2860985944 119% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.545454545 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.8181818182 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.0 7.06452816374 127% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.172710883221 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.066332217188 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0598593011513 0.0662205650399 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109340561662 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0558425040204 0.0443174109184 126% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.56 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, hence, however, if, moreover, nevertheless, second, so, then, third, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 18.0 30.3222958057 59% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1139.0 1373.03311258 83% => OK
No of words: 218.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.2247706422 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.84250218741 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63769445432 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 126.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.577981651376 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 335.7 419.366225166 80% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 58.6470039676 49.2860985944 119% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.545454545 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.8181818182 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.0 7.06452816374 127% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.172710883221 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.066332217188 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0598593011513 0.0662205650399 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109340561662 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0558425040204 0.0443174109184 126% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.56 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.