At the end of the Triassic period 200 million years ago, there was a mass-extinction event that caused the extinction of more than half of all living species. It was this extinction event that allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species for the next 145 million years. We do not know exactly what happened that eliminated so many species in a relatively short period of time, but there are several possible explanations.
One theory involves the decline of sea levels. Near the end of the Triassic period, sea levels were fluctuating. When sea levels fall, the habitats for ocean populations that live in the shallows and land species that live on the coast are destroyed. The destruction of coastal and shallow-ocean species would have had a profound effect on food chains worldwide, leading to mass extinctions.
Another theory involves massive climate cooling. The end of the Triassic period was marked by widespread volcanic activity. The volcanoes released large amounts of sulfur dioxide (S02). A rise in atmospheric S02 is known to cause a lowering in global temperatures. Such climate change could have devastated many species and led to the extinctions.
The third theory involves an asteroid strike. Asteroids (objects from outer space) occasionally collide with Earth. When an asteroid hits Earth’s surface, it often displaces large amounts of soil and crushed rock, leaving behind a depression, or crater. The displaced debris is thrown up into the atmosphere where it can block out sunlight for many months or even a few years. A sufficiently massive asteroid impact at the end of the Triassic period may have blocked sunlight long enough for most plants to die and many animal species to then starve.
Base on the given materials, the article as well as the reading discusses the possible reasons for a mass extinction which happened at the end of Triassic period. The author mentions three different theories that migh account for the disappearance of half of species. That being said, the lecturer provides several ideas to repudiate this claim.
Initially, it is alleged in the reading that the extinction might have happened because of a decline in sea levels which resulted in the annihiliation if marine animals habitat. However the listening asserts that albeit the fluctuation was true but it was not sudden. The marine animals are capable of adopting to situation so as the changes in the level of water was gradual, more than several million years, it can not be an explanation.
Second, the writer proclaims that a sudden cooling of earth led to the extinction since in that period of time there exicted many volcanic activities. Yet again, the lecturer underscores that although it is true that the volcanic activities can lead to a drope in tempretur but it last for a short period. The SO2 in the atmospher mixes with water and falls on earth again as percipitation so it can not stay around long enough to cause massive extinction.
The last point of contention between the reading and listening passages is considering collision of a asteroid with earth resposible for the extinction. The author states that if an asteroid big enough hits the ground, the dust of the hitting can block the sunlight long enough to cause an extinction. On the other hand, the lecturer allude to the fact that no crater were found any time near the extinction. In fact, there is a record that dates the hit of an asteroid twenty million years before the extinction. So an asteroid can not be the reason.
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- Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the projec 80
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 162, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
...resulted in the annihiliation if marine animals habitat. However the listening asserts ...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 179, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...nnihiliation if marine animals habitat. However the listening asserts that albeit the f...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 97, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...rth led to the extinction since in that period of time there exicted many volcanic activities....
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 282, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lasts'?
Suggestion: lasts
...can lead to a drope in tempretur but it last for a short period. The SO2 in the atmo...
^^^^
Line 13, column 101, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ng passages is considering collision of a asteroid with earth resposible for the ...
^
Line 13, column 154, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...th earth resposible for the extinction. The author states that if an asteroid big e...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, if, second, so, well, as to, in fact, as well as, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 15.0 5.01324503311 299% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1505.0 1373.03311258 110% => OK
No of words: 308.0 270.72406181 114% => OK
Chars per words: 4.88636363636 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.18926351222 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67860684746 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.525974025974 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 461.7 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 39.6919901445 49.2860985944 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.5 110.228320801 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.0 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.64285714286 7.06452816374 94% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.184701760988 0.272083759551 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0583581739463 0.0996497079465 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.053495240546 0.0662205650399 81% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.114690680959 0.162205337803 71% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0643688692715 0.0443174109184 145% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.08 12.2367328918 91% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.16 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.