The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
Based on the given materials, the article as well as the lecturer discusses possible reasons for little ice age to happen. The author states that sienicts has put their effort to find the explaination for this phenomena but the author argues some resoning for this matter. That being said, the lecturer provides several idea to repudiate this claim.
Initially, the author says that a possible explaination is distruptance of the ocean currents since there had been a period of warm weather before the begining of the ice age. However, the lecturer explains that this could not be the reason since it can not explain why did the ice age happened globoly. He mentions that based on a research by sienticts, changes in the ocean current can only cause to decline the temputure only in europe and asia but the little ice age happened in southern hemisphere too so this can not be the reason.
Second, the writer proclaim that volcanic eruption can lead to an ice age by deploying huge amount of dust and othere gases to the atmosphere and blocking sun light. Yet again, the speaker underscores that the massive dust in the air causes visual effects such as a change in the sunlight or color of the snow. He points out that if this had happened then there must have existed report of this visual effect. Since there is no evidence, the euption could not be powerful enough to cause an ice age.
The final point of contention between reading and listening passages is human influence. The author thinks the forests grew abruptly as a consequenc of a decline in human population before the ice age. On the othere hand the speaker explains that the forest did not have enough time to grow wide enough and could not describe why the little ice age took place. He states that albeit human population declined in a short period but again we can see that the population started to rise up again and as a result before even the forest could start to grow again, humans cut down the trees in order to feed the population.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-09-26 | mahan vahab kashi | 3 | view |
| 2019-09-25 | p0uya | 83 | view |
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- TPO 25-Independent TOEFL Writing 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 206, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...eir effort to find the explaination for this phenomena but the author argues some re...
^^^^
Line 1, column 313, Rule ID: MANY_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun idea seems to be countable; consider using: 'several ideas'.
Suggestion: several ideas
... That being said, the lecturer provides several idea to repudiate this claim. Initially...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 331, Rule ID: A_UNCOUNTABLE[1]
Message: Uncountable nouns are usually not used with an indefinite article. Use simply 'research'.
Suggestion: research
...ened globoly. He mentions that based on a research by sienticts, changes in the ocean curr...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, if, second, so, then, well, such as, as a result, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1668.0 1373.03311258 121% => OK
No of words: 356.0 270.72406181 131% => OK
Chars per words: 4.68539325843 5.08290768461 92% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.34372677135 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36816911803 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 181.0 145.348785872 125% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.508426966292 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 530.1 419.366225166 126% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 51.2311687653 49.2860985944 104% => OK
Chars per sentence: 119.142857143 110.228320801 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.4285714286 21.698381199 117% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.28571428571 7.06452816374 75% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0892132733012 0.272083759551 33% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0357362174319 0.0996497079465 36% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0289788476401 0.0662205650399 44% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0551600598762 0.162205337803 34% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0144068012938 0.0443174109184 33% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.22 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.16 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.