Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an
internal temperature of 37℃,no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure.
The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Both the reading and the lecture discuss about the probability of dinosaurs to be endotherms. The reading claims that the dinosaurs were endotherms for three evidence, but the listening challenges each of these points.
First of all, the author of the passage contends that dinosaurs were endotherms because their fossils have been found in polar regions, and they had to maintain body temperature above the freezing temperature of polar regions. On the other hand, the professor in the lecture argues that fossils does not give clear evidence because the temperature was not that much cold when dinosaurs lived there. In addition, She goes on to further state that dinosaurs may migrate during winter or hibernate like other reptiles. So, this doesn't prove that dinosaurs were endotherms at all.
Second of all, the reading asserts a connection between endothermy and legs position. However, the professor rebuts that legs under the body has other function like carrying large body weight. Thus, the legs under the body isn't a strong evidence to support the claim in the passage.
Finally the passage claims that there is a clear connection between endothermy and bone structure. Nevertheless, like the two suggestions before, the professor in her lecture proclaims that this recommendation is not feasible because, dinosaurs had growth rings, which is not the indicator of endotherms.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-06-14 | YasamanEsml | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 526, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...hibernate like other reptiles. So, this doesnt prove that dinosaurs were endotherms at...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 224, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: isn't
...y weight. Thus, the legs under the body isnt a strong evidence to support the claim ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Finally,
...o support the claim in the passage. Finally the passage claims that there is a clea...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, so, thus, in addition, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1176.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 220.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.34545454545 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.85128510684 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.68783608316 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 123.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.559090909091 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 355.5 419.366225166 85% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.4827930754 49.2860985944 102% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.909090909 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.0 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.0909090909 7.06452816374 143% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.20069977068 0.272083759551 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0689420860363 0.0996497079465 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0693652451945 0.0662205650399 105% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.102922524222 0.162205337803 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.086607291012 0.0443174109184 195% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.75 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.0 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 47.0 63.6247240618 74% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.