A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics point out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers
Both the reading and lecture discuss whether sinosauropteryx dinosaur fossil containing fine lines had features or not. The former argues that Sinosauropteryx had not features and provides three possible to support, but latter challenges each of these points.
First of all, the author of the lecture asserts that the fine lines on skeleton of Sinosauropteryx dinosaur might occurence due to decomposion of skin. However, the professor in lecture contends that this hypothesis does not hold because other animals fossil foung at same sight did not have fine lines. Indeed, the skin preversed at that sight, but not decomposed and have fine lines.
Secondly, according to the passage, the expert opined that enormous danosaurs used to have a frills in their bodies which have nothing to do with features and fine lines. In contrast, the lecture objects this idea because features and frills have distinct chemical composition. She supports her argument by presenting the example of beta keratin which do not actually find in frills.
Finally, the passage claims that the fine lines in sinosauropteryx dinosaur actually located at the backbone and tail and oppose with functions of feathers. Nevertheless, like two hypothesis before, the professor in her lecture proclaims that this hypothesis is not feasible because actually the functions of feathers is not only help animals to fly or maintaining body temperature, but also helps to attract the opposite sex for mating. In fact, the peacock also have feathers at back side of body and display the feathers which is known as display functions. Moreover, the colourful lines such as orange and white gives evidence that sinosauropteryx dinosaur might have display function.
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| 2022-09-13 | Hello GRE | 76 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 143, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... features or not. The former argues that Sinosauropteryx had not features and pro...
^^
Line 1, column 190, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...auropteryx had not features and provides three possible to support, but latter ch...
^^
Line 3, column 83, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...serts that the fine lines on skeleton of Sinosauropteryx dinosaur might occurence...
^^
Line 3, column 166, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...due to decomposion of skin. However, the professor in lecture contends that this ...
^^
Line 3, column 247, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
... hypothesis does not hold because other animals fossil foung at same sight did not have...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 92, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a frill' or simply 'frills'?
Suggestion: a frill; frills
...ed that enormous danosaurs used to have a frills in their bodies which have nothing to d...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 636, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... as orange and white gives evidence that sinosauropteryx dinosaur might have disp...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, finally, first, however, moreover, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, in contrast, in fact, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 3.0 10.4613686534 29% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 14.0 7.30242825607 192% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1482.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 272.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.44852941176 5.08290768461 107% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06108636974 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.82421866587 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 147.0 145.348785872 101% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.540441176471 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 454.5 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 48.0470689359 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 123.5 110.228320801 112% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.6666666667 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.25 7.06452816374 159% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.145613380525 0.272083759551 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0636418662701 0.0996497079465 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0705843043738 0.0662205650399 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0958628927169 0.162205337803 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.053830929624 0.0443174109184 121% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.6 13.3589403974 117% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 40.69 53.8541721854 76% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.1 11.0289183223 119% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.63 12.2367328918 120% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.97 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.