International trade is more important than ever before, but the actual vehicles used to transport goods have not advanced much since the 1950s. The majority of goods that travel between countries are still transported on container ships. However, many companies are developing autonomous container ships that do not require a human crew to control them. Crewless cargo ships have three important advantages over crewed vessels.
First, crewless cargo ships would reduce labor costs for shipping companies. Paying the human crew of an ocean-going vessel is one of the largest expenses during a voyage. On top of their salaries, the owner of the ship also has to provide them with food, sleeping quarters, climate control, and entertainment. Removing the crew from container ships would eliminate all of those costs.
Second, crewless ships would be less attractive targets for pirates. While the goods on a container ship are valuable, pirates usually make their money by ransoming the crew of the ship. Removing the crew would immediately make pirates less likely to attack a ship. In addition, ships with no crew can be designed to make them difficult to board, the cargo can be made nearly inaccessible, and the ships would have no manual controls for the pirates to use.
Third, crewless ships would be less likely to have accidents. Most accidents that occur at sea are caused by human error. When a ship encounters an emergency situation, the human crew often reacts too slowly or makes mistakes. Crewless ships could use sensors and computers to detect and react to similar situations in a fraction of a second. That would allow them to alter their course much more rapidly and avoid accidents.
Although companies are developing ships that can operate without a human crew, it seems unlikely that they will ever be completely autonomous. The arguments in the reading that support crewless ships are largely the result of misplaced optimism and ignorance about the capabilities of autonomous systems.
First, costs: It’s hardly fair to describe the crew as nothing more than a cost for the company. Although most ships already operate with the minimum number of crew members required, the crew are still very necessary to the proper operation of the ship. They maintain the ship by inspecting it for wear and damage, and they make repairs while they are sailing. On a crewless ship—those problems would remain unrepaired until the ship reached its destination, and leaving broken equipment unrepaired could cause a lot more damage. So, having people on board the ship at all times can actually save the company money.
Second, pirates: the measures mentioned in the reading would make the ships less attractive to low-tech pirates, but there are also high-tech pirates. Hackers can access the ship's data files to learn what it is carrying, and then compromise the autonomous systems like GPS to make the ship crash. Or they could take control of the guidance system and control the ship completely. That would allow them to send the ship to any location they choose. Then they could take their time removing the supposedly “inaccessible” cargo.
Third, accidents at sea: The problem with container ships is not that their crew members react slowly, but that the ships take so long to change course. Container ships are among the largest ships in the world, and once they get moving in one direction, it is difficult to stop them or change their course. Sure, a computer could detect and react to emergencies like rocks or icebergs. But most of the other ships at sea are controlled by people, which makes them much less predictable. Computers only think logically, but human crew can anticipate the bad decisions other people might make and react accordingly.
In the given passage here, it has been mentioned that international trade authoritiues are considering moving to autonomous cargo ships. They think it has advantages in cost minimization, protection from pirates and avoiding accident. However, in the lecture , it has made three challenges to the authorities decision.
First, the lecture suggests that it is not practical to make cargo ships crewless. During it 's voyage, a ship needs regular maintenance menuover, mechanical checking to keep it's operation under control.If there is no crew , it will be impossible to function those routine checkups which may eventually cause drastic problem in the long run for the ship. A cargo ship may face machinery failure, hardware malfunction in the course. If there is no crew support, it will jeopardize the transportation facility.
Second, the lecure asserts that passage is considering only the low tech pirates from which the ship have to be protected. But there is a big chance that a crewless, autonomous, artificial intetegence powered ship may face threat from high-tech pirates. They may override the control of the ship, hack the system and steal necessary data or hijack it. If there are crews in the ship, it will be possible to turn the ship into manual control when it faces any high tech hacking threat.
Thrid, the lecutre denotes that a crewless ship can not be able to overhaul if it faces any accident. A ship normally faces accident not necessarily by human errror but by taking s longer time to change it's course. If there is crew support, it will be easier to repair the ship. In a crewless ship, automatic system will not able to take steps to repair any damage.
To sum up, even though an autonomous ship may seem lucrative and cost effective to business corporations , however, according to the lecture there are several challenges which need to be checked before taking any capricious decision . Otherwise it may bring detrimental outcome in this business as well for the stakeholders.
Raw Score
4
/5
Question
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.
Reading Passage
Lecture & Script
Explanation & Recommendations
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-08-13 | nexvon | 3 | view |
| 2021-07-05 | Huge Jackman | 68 | view |
| 2021-05-18 | Shrushti Krishna Vishwasrao | 87 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 259, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...oiding accident. However, in the lecture , it has made three challenges to the aut...
^^
Line 3, column 203, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: If
...ing to keep its operation under control.If there is no crew , it will be impossibl...
^^
Line 3, column 222, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...ration under control.If there is no crew , it will be impossible to function those...
^^
Line 9, column 105, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
... cost effective to business corporations , however, according to the lecture there...
^^
Line 9, column 233, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...ed before taking any capricious decision . Otherwise it may bring detrimental outc...
^^
Line 9, column 236, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Otherwise,
...before taking any capricious decision . Otherwise it may bring detrimental outcome in thi...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, may, second, well, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 13.0 5.04856512141 257% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1889.0 1373.03311258 138% => OK
No of words: 365.0 270.72406181 135% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17534246575 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.37092360658 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.85590931007 2.5805825403 111% => OK
Unique words: 205.0 145.348785872 141% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.561643835616 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 586.8 419.366225166 140% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 1.25165562914 399% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 53.3609462221 49.2860985944 108% => OK
Chars per sentence: 99.4210526316 110.228320801 90% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.2105263158 21.698381199 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.78947368421 7.06452816374 39% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 7.0 4.09492273731 171% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0726595201335 0.272083759551 27% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0251538306073 0.0996497079465 25% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0183834800748 0.0662205650399 28% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0301627415704 0.162205337803 19% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0244008249625 0.0443174109184 55% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.76 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.73 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 96.0 63.6247240618 151% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 10.7273730684 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.