Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.
First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.
Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.
Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.
The reading is about the Edmontosaurus, a herbivore dinosaur to migrate to the South from the Northern slope for possible survival options from the harsh winter. The passage shows the diet theory, herd theory, and locomotive abilities are the best explanations to support the claim. However, the professor challenges all these arguments and he has counter-arguments for each of these hypotheses.
The professor is of the opinion that the Edmontosaurus do not have to migrate to find food. It is present in the Northern topography itself even in the winter season. Over 1000 million years ago, the temperature was much warmer in the Northern slope and 24-hour sunshine was experienced in this region. Therefore, the extended daylight and sunshine enhance the growth of plants and other vegetation in the northern region. So even in the wintertime, there were enough dead plants to feed these giant herbivores.
Second, the reading posts that, the Edmontosaurus moves in herds which are a feasible explanation for migration hypothesis. In contrast, the lecturer argues living in groups cannot prove that they should migrate. They may get extra protection from predators if they do so. Moreover, the professor quoted a modern example. The Roswell Elk present in the forests of Western USA live in herds but they won't migrate.
Finally, the reading suggests that they have a good physique and can run up to 45 km\hr contributes to the migration theory of this animal. The professor disproves this by saying that only adult dinosaurs had this ability to move and run faster. The juvenile ones cannot move as fast as an adult. In addition, the slow movement of small Edmontosaurus may reduce the speed of their migration which provokes them to stay in the cold Northern slope.
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- TPO 22 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Teachers should not make their social or political views known to students in the classroom Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 76
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- Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils the petrified remains of ancient organisms ever since the eighteenth century In recent years however the sale of fossils particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big bus 73
- Playing computer games is a waste of time Children should not be allowed to play them 73
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 76
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 149, Rule ID: THE_FALL_SEASON[1]
Message: Use simply 'winter'.
Suggestion: winter
... the Northern topography itself even in the winter season. Over 1000 million years ago, the tempe...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, if, may, moreover, second, so, therefore, well, in addition, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1489.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 291.0 270.72406181 107% => OK
Chars per words: 5.11683848797 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13022058845 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.789484901 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.587628865979 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 453.6 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 16.0 8.23620309051 194% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 32.7234400608 49.2860985944 66% => OK
Chars per sentence: 87.5882352941 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.1176470588 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.58823529412 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.100013536017 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0280115488699 0.0996497079465 28% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0351818039051 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0576485734732 0.162205337803 36% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0378635915913 0.0443174109184 85% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.12 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.