The reading passage proposes several possible causes of Little Ice Age period, when temperature was cold in many parts of the world. However, the lecturer refutes them all mentioning that those proposals are made based on backdated information.
First of all, the author posits that disruption of Gulf Stream could have caused the Little Ice Age. On the contrary, the professor challenges this point underlining the fact that Gulf Stream was disrupted only in Europe and North America, but the Little ice age occurred in Southern Hemisphere area also. Thus, disruption of Gulf stream fails to explain root cause of this phenomenon in all areas.
Secondly, according to the article, volcanic eruption creates dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere, which can cover large areas and block sunlight from reaching surface of Earth and consequently decrease global temperature. Thus, mentioning scientific evidences, the author says that volcanic eruption might cause Little Ice Age. Nevertheless, the lecturer points out to the fact that enough dust is needed to cause this kind of phenomenon and no events like striking visual effects were reported which can support author's argument.
Finally, the author argues that decrease in human population due to numerous reasons and consequently increased growth of forest trees contributed to mitigate greenhouse effect and thus caused the cooling of the climate. The author refutes this view mentioning that there was not enough time to cause this effect as human population shorty increased back to previous level. Again, more fields were used for agriculture and forests were cut down. So, forest was not increased to such a level for enough time that might cause Little ice age.
- Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses to explain this decline.One hypothesis 88
- Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals. Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to th 80
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Parents today are more involved in their children s education than were parents in the past Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 62
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teachers were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 70
- Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass window 63
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 213, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...mentioning that those proposals are made based on backdated information. First...
^^
Line 3, column 301, Rule ID: ALSO_SENT_END[1]
Message: 'Also' is not used at the end of the sentence. Use 'as well' instead.
Suggestion: as well
...ge occurred in Southern Hemisphere area also. Thus, disruption of Gulf stream fails ...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, consequently, finally, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, thus, kind of, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1470.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 277.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.30685920578 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07962216107 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55323234851 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 145.348785872 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.58844765343 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 451.8 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 55.8798313845 49.2860985944 113% => OK
Chars per sentence: 122.5 110.228320801 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.0833333333 21.698381199 106% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.1666666667 7.06452816374 158% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.191780939287 0.272083759551 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0809456493983 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0845047421366 0.0662205650399 128% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.123485922609 0.162205337803 76% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0575499550684 0.0443174109184 130% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.1 13.3589403974 113% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.13 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.81 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.11 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.