The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E.. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The professor asserts that the writer's argument is out of date. He mentions that scientific results show that none of the the reasons mentioned in the essay are accurate and can explain the root reason of the Little Ice Age. Then, the lecturer directly repudiates all the reasons of the writer for explanation of the Little Ice Age.
First, the professor avers that the gulf stream disruption, which the author mentioned as one reason for cooling the climate just could explain this effect in Europe and North America. As the Little Ice Age happened in all area on the Earth such as both hemispheres and Austeralia, this gulf stream disruption can't explain that event completly. With this justification, the reason of the author about the melting snow and affecting the gulf stream distributuion does not hold water.
Second, the professor agrees with the author in principle that the volcanic activities could block the sun light and cause the coolling of the climate. However, those large volcanic eruptions make visual effects such as colorful snow or color dust and rainbow at the time it happens. He mentions that there is no reports about such a strong volcanic eruptionat at that time which made these those visual changes. He rebuts the essay possible reason for the Little Ice Age through the volcanic eruptions.
Third, the professor posits that decline in human population did not last long. It was not enough time to affect the vegetaiton to have time to decrease the Earth temperature through the decrease of carbon dioxide gas. He strongly refutes the writer's propopsal about the indirect effect of human populations on porducing the Little Ice Age. Based on his asertion, the human populations grew back very soon and they cut the forest trees to make fields for cultivation crops.
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- Summarize the points made in the lecture being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage 52
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- TPO 36- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?For the successful development of a country, it is more important for a government to spend money on the education of very young children(five to ten years old) than to spend money on universit 76
- tpo 30- independent 3
- Nowadays the world is developing at a very rapid pace and we are constantly forced to make a lot of choices that can affect the rest of our lives Do you agree or disagree with the idea that should always ask someone else for help when we need to make an i 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 32, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'writers'' or 'writer's'?
Suggestion: writers'; writer's
The professor asserts that the writers argument is out of date. He mentions th...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 119, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: the
...at scientific results show that none of the the reasons mentioned in the essay are accu...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 119, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'the' is left.
Suggestion: the; the
...at scientific results show that none of the the reasons mentioned in the essay are accu...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...or explanation of the Little Ice Age. First, the professor avers that the gulf...
^^^^^^
Line 2, column 317, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...Austeralia, this gulf stream disruption cant explain that event completly. With this...
^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...am distributuion does not hold water. Second, the professor agrees with the au...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 309, Rule ID: THERE_S_MANY[4]
Message: Did you mean 'there are no reports'?
Suggestion: there are no reports
...t the time it happens. He mentions that there is no reports about such a strong volcanic eruptionat...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e Age through the volcanic eruptions. Third, the professor posits that decline...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, second, so, then, third, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 4.0 10.4613686534 38% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1500.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 300.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.0 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16179145029 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.49123797873 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 159.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.53 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 460.8 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 32.0777117612 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.142857143 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4285714286 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.07142857143 7.06452816374 58% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.114862042115 0.272083759551 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.042968263832 0.0996497079465 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0332660154285 0.0662205650399 50% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0702144934327 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0252472585332 0.0443174109184 57% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.8 13.3589403974 96% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.72 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.52 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.