The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disruption of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream current. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The reading passage and the lecture are both related to what caused the Little Ice Age. While some possible causes are proposed in the reading, the lecturer refutes all of them claiming that they are out-dated information.
Firstly, one of the theory contends that the melted glaciers sent a large amount of freezing cold water into the Gulf Stream and led to the cooling of Earth's temperature. However, this view is challenged by the lecturer, as the Golf Stream would not have further effect on southern parts of the Earth but only in Europe and North America. In the result, the lecturer does not think the first theory can explain the Little Ice Age that once happened worldwide.
Also, anther suggests that the volcanic eruptions may be the cause of Little Ice Age when the dust clouds blocks the energy of the sun. Yet in the contrary, the lecturer points out that only if the volcanic activity happened frequently and greatly could it cause this cooling effect. If it once did so, there should be report for it, like the colorful sunset or the grey, abnormal sky. Thus, the lecturer refutes this explanation since there are no strong evidence for it.
Finally, the lecturer argues that the last cause is wrong, for human would not be able to cause the long-lasting cooling effect. It may be true that the decrease of population can lead to increase of trees, that help cut down the greenhouse effect. While, according to the lecturer, the human population bounces back quickly, it will be impossible to result in Little Ice Age just because the temporary removal of the trees. The lecturer then safely rules out the possibility of the last cause.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 320, Rule ID: SHOULD_BE_DO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'reported'?
Suggestion: reported
...ect. If it once did so, there should be report for it, like the colorful sunset or the...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, may, so, then, thus, while
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1377.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 286.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 4.81468531469 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11236361783 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36097887185 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.576923076923 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 425.7 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 32.4487762007 49.2860985944 66% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.923076923 110.228320801 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.0 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.76923076923 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.12982811428 0.272083759551 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0491287724067 0.0996497079465 49% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0451209368269 0.0662205650399 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.082395206741 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0190830609046 0.0443174109184 43% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.2 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.62 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.26 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.