Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity'a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The reading section and the listening section are both about humpback whales' migration which is navigated by the stars. The article states some evidence to support this idea, while the lecturer disputes the evidence provided.
First of all, the author of the article suggests that humpback whales use stars to navigate because they are intelligent enough. However, the lecturer does not agree with that. To be more specific, he does not think that there is any connection between intelligence and the ability to use this method to migrate. He also mentioned that ducks whose intelligence levels are average also use stars to navigate their migration.
Secondly, the author indicates that humpback whales migrate in straight lines by orienting themselves by the stars. Nevertheless, the lecturer disputes the idea. He believes that those whales moving in straight lines are oriented by the earth's magnetic field. Humpback whales have a bio magnetite in their body to help them sense the earth's magnetic field and that leads them to migrate in a straight line.
Lastly, the author mentioned that humpback whales place their heads above the water, so-called spy-hopping, to see the stars. Nonetheless, the lecturer says that the objective of spy-hopping is not star sighting for the following reasons. One is that some other species such as sharks also do spy-hopping but they do not migrate at all. The other reason is that humpback whales sometimes do spy-hopping at day, when there are no stars for them to see. Therefore, the lecturer believes that this idea is only a pure speculation.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 198, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...that the objective to spy-hopping is not star sighting for the following reasons....
^^
Line 7, column 419, Rule ID: THERE_S_MANY[4]
Message: Did you mean 'there are no stars'?
Suggestion: there are no stars
... sometimes do spy-hopping at day, which there is no stars for them to see. Therefore, the lecture...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, lastly, nevertheless, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, therefore, while, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1339.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 261.0 270.72406181 96% => OK
Chars per words: 5.13026819923 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0193898071 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60866930293 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 134.0 145.348785872 92% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.513409961686 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 415.8 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 28.6344004458 49.2860985944 58% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 89.2666666667 110.228320801 81% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.4 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.46666666667 7.06452816374 120% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.202541880096 0.272083759551 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0688386400787 0.0996497079465 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0611861730779 0.0662205650399 92% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.120229578811 0.162205337803 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0179628548594 0.0443174109184 41% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.4 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.18 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.81 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.