Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility. First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity--a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation. Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances. Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The lecture is about how humpback whale find their way during migration. The lecture provides three reasons to show they use stars. But the professor refutes each reason and states the evidences are not conviencing.
First, the lecture talks about the humpback whales intelligence and mentions this can support the of that they use stars to avoid getting lost. However, the professor states there is no direct connection between an animal's intelligence and the ability to use stars as a means of navigation. He provides an example some birds like ducks, which manage to use stars for navigation, despite the fact that their overal intelligences is average.
Second, the article claims that whales, which swim in the open ocean cannot rely on land features for directions. However they could rely on stars to maintain directions. Conversely the professor dismisses this idea by stating that there might be different explantions for how whales find their way throughout the oceans. They should be using external objects or forces for directions. He states that there is a part in their brains called biomagnet, Which is sensitve fo external magnetic force. So they can find their way according to Earth's magnetic force.
Third, the article states that the fact that whales show a strange behaviour that they keep their heads above the water for a few minutes during swimming shows they are looking to skies to find propper direction. However the professor rejects this idea and states this has noting to do with the usage of stars for directions. He implies there are othe animals that show this behaviour and don't migerate at all, like sharks. In fact, sharks do this to look for what they want to hunt. Also they show this behaviour during the day as well as nights, so this theory is only pure speculation and cannot be true
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 216, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
...here is no direct connection between an animals intelligence and the ability to use sta...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 115, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...t rely on land features for directions. However they could rely on stars to maintain di...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 172, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Conversely,
...d rely on stars to maintain directions. Conversely the professor dismisses this idea by st...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 214, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...ing to skies to find propper direction. However the professor rejects this idea and sta...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 390, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...he animals that show this behaviour and dont migerate at all, like sharks. In fact, ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 485, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Also,
...his to look for what they want to hunt. Also they show this behaviour during the day...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, conversely, first, however, if, look, second, so, third, well, in fact, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1529.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 308.0 270.72406181 114% => OK
Chars per words: 4.96428571429 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.18926351222 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45542784593 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 161.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.522727272727 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 456.3 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.5821412605 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 89.9411764706 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.1176470588 21.698381199 83% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.47058823529 7.06452816374 77% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.126070295794 0.272083759551 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0471753094835 0.0996497079465 47% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0295152831489 0.0662205650399 45% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0834807737062 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00807660257022 0.0443174109184 18% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.0 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.19 12.2367328918 91% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.76 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 68.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.