One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham’s book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550.
According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth-century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text.
Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich’s plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
Word Count: 369
The reading and the lecture are both about Voynich manuscript, which is handwritten book written on vellum. The author of the reading states several theories to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. The speaker does not believe any of these theories and he argues that it was written by none of the people mentioned in the article.
Firstly, the article points out the first theory that the manuscript was written by Anthony Ascham because of the complex secret codes presented in the book. It is stated in the reading that as Ascham was physician and a botanist who could probably be familiar with the medicinal plants described in the manuscript. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that Ascham was a ordinary physician and it is unlikely be written by him. Furthermore, she suggest that book contains information about all common herbal drugs where it can be easily obtained information from other popular references.
Secondly, according to second theory it was a fake and was Edward Kelley with the intention to make money by selling books to nobles across Europe. The lecturer rebuts this theory as well. He suggests that the creator of the book took a lot of effort to write this book and it is not the Kellyr who wrote the book. He elaborates on this by mentioning that it was unnecessary for Kelley to put such a lot of effort if he his intention was to cheat noble people because those people were very vulnerable.
Thirdly, the author points out that the manuscript was fake written M. Vonich himself. The lecturer , on the other hand , posits that the dating technology clearly shows that both the paper and the ink are 400 years old and it is not possible for him to get such an old paper, so it is unlikely to be written by him. He also says that the book was written by someone else lived centuries ahead.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-12 | Kalima | 76 | view |
| 2018-11-29 | divyajose7@yahoo.com | 70 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 208, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...n the origin of the Voynich manuscript. The speaker does not believe any of these t...
^^^
Line 3, column 249, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...sician and a botanist who could probably be familiar with the medicinal plants de...
^^
Line 3, column 385, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... the lecturer. She says that Ascham was a ordinary physician and it is unlikely b...
^
Line 3, column 461, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'she' must be used with a third-person verb: 'suggests'.
Suggestion: suggests
...ely be written by him. Furthermore, she suggest that book contains information about a...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 473, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...en by him. Furthermore, she suggest that book contains information about all comm...
^^
Line 5, column 59, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...g to second theory it was a fake and was Edward Kelley with the intention to make...
^^
Line 5, column 357, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...He elaborates on this by mentioning that it was unnecessary for Kelley to put suc...
^^
Line 7, column 100, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
... written M. Vonich himself. The lecturer , on the other hand , posits that the dat...
^^
Line 7, column 120, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...imself. The lecturer , on the other hand , posits that the dating technology clear...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, if, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, well, as to, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 10.4613686534 229% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 38.0 22.412803532 170% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1526.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 325.0 270.72406181 120% => OK
Chars per words: 4.69538461538 5.08290768461 92% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.24591054749 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48187700234 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 145.348785872 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.501538461538 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 470.7 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.7182937309 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.733333333 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.6666666667 21.698381199 100% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.46666666667 7.06452816374 106% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 9.0 4.19205298013 215% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.120390024276 0.272083759551 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0475860527762 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0558809863537 0.0662205650399 84% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0778446910099 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0524833162173 0.0443174109184 118% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.5 13.3589403974 86% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 67.08 53.8541721854 125% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 9.98 12.2367328918 82% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.18 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.