Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air..
The author in the reading part believes that the pterosaurs could not fly for several reasons. However, the lecturer in the listing part claims that it is possible for them to fly.
Firstly, the author points out that the pterosaurs are cold-blooded animals, so they had a slow metabolism and cannot make up large quantity of energy to support their flying. On the contrary, the lecture suggests that because of the dense hair found in the fossil of them, they supposed to be warm-blooded animals, so that they can produce plenty energy for flying consumption.
Secondly, the author suggests that the weight of pterosaurs is too big to make them able to keep their body when flying. But the lecturer convey us a evidence that pterosaurs' bone is of an unusual slight structure, then their weight is relatively small considering their huge size. It is absolutely capable for them to hold their body.
Finally, the author thinks the power of pterosaurs' behind leg isn't enough to support their requirement for speed to fly off the land, which is implied from the fossil. However, the lecturer agrees this opinion partly, but she raise another theory, they apparently have four legs to get enough force to fly off the land, because the example of birds only have two legs, but the pterosaurs have four.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 233, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...the lecture suggests that because of the dense hair found in the fossil of them, ...
^^^
Line 3, column 148, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...when flying. But the lecturer convey us a evidence that pterosaurs bone is of an...
^
Line 3, column 163, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...t the lecturer convey us a evidence that pterosaurs bone is of an unusual slight ...
^^
Line 4, column 63, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: isn't
...inks the power of pterosaurs behind leg isnt enough to support their requirement for...
^^^^
Line 4, column 227, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'she' must be used with a third-person verb: 'raises'.
Suggestion: raises
...rer agrees this opinion partly, but she raise another theory, they apparently have fo...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
apparently, but, finally, first, firstly, however, second, secondly, so, then, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1081.0 1373.03311258 79% => OK
No of words: 222.0 270.72406181 82% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.86936936937 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.8600083453 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.46309090714 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 127.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.572072072072 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 323.1 419.366225166 77% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 55.3850717508 49.2860985944 112% => OK
Chars per sentence: 120.111111111 110.228320801 109% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.6666666667 21.698381199 114% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.4444444444 7.06452816374 148% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.109881610509 0.272083759551 40% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0477690326589 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.035157692475 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0658462376109 0.162205337803 41% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.01569064879 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.26 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.74 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 41.0 63.6247240618 64% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.