Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200-million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.No Fossils of Actual BeesFirst, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.Absence of Flowering PlantsA second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today’s bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.Structures Lack Some DetailsThird, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The speaker and the author hold divergent attitude towards whether bees existed on Earth as early as 200 million years ago. The writer puts forward that the old fossil structure which have been found recently and resembled bee nests were not created by bees. However, the professor presents her refutation in the lecture.
Firstly, it is said in the reading passage that no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. To rebut this idea, the lecture suggests that no fossil of bees having been found does not mean no bees existing in that period. The fossil of bees can be very difficult to be preserved, and can only be fossilized in tree rosin while tree rosin was very rare in the ancient age. It is possible, thus, there were bees living i 200 million years ago but failed to produce any fossils.
Secondly, even though the reading material proposes that flowering plants, which today's bees feed almost exclusively on, first appeared on earth 125 million years ago, the professor maintains that it is unconvincing. It is possible that bees living in 200 million years ago can feed on non-flowering plants like pine trees and then, after the appearance of flowering trees, they evolved to adapt to feeding on them.
Thirdly, the author of the reading indicates that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees' nests, whereas, the lecturer contends that there are other chemical evidence which can approve the belonging of the structure. The structure contains the same material that is used by modern bees today, that is, a special water-proof substance that is used to barrier water. Thus, the assumption of the author is severely weakened.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-10-11 | YIngxin Zhang | 83 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 82, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...tes that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees nests, whereas, t...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, third, thirdly, thus, whereas, while
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1428.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 290.0 270.72406181 107% => OK
Chars per words: 4.92413793103 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.12666770723 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41690439877 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 160.0 145.348785872 110% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.551724137931 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 427.5 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 53.5736772015 49.2860985944 109% => OK
Chars per sentence: 119.0 110.228320801 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.1666666667 21.698381199 111% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.16666666667 7.06452816374 116% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.208123546351 0.272083759551 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0804558742832 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0650324974271 0.0662205650399 98% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.1237512304 0.162205337803 76% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0461672258267 0.0443174109184 104% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.55 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.86 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.