Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading section and the listening section are both about sending humans to Mars. The article states some problems about the mission, while the lecturer introduces solutions to those problems.
First of all, the author of the article mentions that the supplies of food, water, and oxygen may not be enough for astronauts to live for a period of two years, because the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board those required resources. However, the lecturer says that they can use hydroponics, a technique for growing plants with their roots in water instead of soil, to solve the problem. With hydroponics, they can cultivate food crops in the spacecraft, and they can recycle the waste water and convert it into clean water to drink. Furthermore, since all plants can absorb carbon-dioxide and release oxygen, astronauts can have fresh air to breathe.
Secondly, the author indicates that there are some negative impacts on the astronauts' body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density, if they live in the zero-gravity environment for a long time. Nevertheless, the lecturer disputes the opinion. She says that there are a lot of astronauts living in the space stations and they already have some training teaching them how to protect their health. Moreover, she suggests that the astronauts can do regular exercise to avoid losing muscle mass, and they can absorb vitamins and minerals to keep their bone density, too.
Finally, the author mentions that astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation when they traveling in interplanetary space. Nonetheless, the lecturer does not agree with the statement. She indicates that the radiation is not always at the dangerous levels. Actually, such high levels of space radiation only appears occasionally, and to avoid that danger, constructing a small shielded area inside the spaceship can protect astronauts from the occasional dangerous radiation, which would not add too much weight to the ship. Therefore, astronauts can hide in the small room when dangerous radiation occurs, and back to normal areas when it go away.
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, may, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, therefore, while, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 5.04856512141 238% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1812.0 1373.03311258 132% => OK
No of words: 350.0 270.72406181 129% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17714285714 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.32530772707 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.70811328253 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 190.0 145.348785872 131% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.542857142857 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 552.6 419.366225166 132% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 64.3093219439 49.2860985944 130% => OK
Chars per sentence: 120.8 110.228320801 110% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.3333333333 21.698381199 108% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.3333333333 7.06452816374 146% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 12.0 4.45695364238 269% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0439196094031 0.272083759551 16% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0165092544161 0.0996497079465 17% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0200562205514 0.0662205650399 30% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0308617590333 0.162205337803 19% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0190766747872 0.0443174109184 43% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.6 13.3589403974 109% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.13 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.06 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.75 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 88.0 63.6247240618 138% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.