The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.
The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters’ resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining; indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.
Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.
In this set of materials, the author strongly postulates that the number of sea otters is declining rapidly because of pollution and provides two possible explanations provided by the scientists of that time. On the other hand, the professor in the listening states that the number of sea otters declining due to predators and refuses the two explanatory points made by the author.
First and foremost, the passage begins by explaining that because oil factories and other industries pour their waste into the sea, this is hazardous for sea otters. However, the professor explains as there are no findings that can prove the effect of pollution on sea otters' jeopardization while predation has consistent effects on sea otters.
Moreover, the professor in the lecture further points out that human hunters and orcas kill sea otters and other sea animals. These claims refute the author's implication that pollution is the main reason for decreasing the number of sea otters and other sea animals.
Ultimately, the article wraps its arguments by explaining that ocean waves and some other environmental factors are responsible for sea otters killing. However, the professor in the listening denies this point by insisting that the orcas theory is true because sea otters and other small sea animals used to in shallow areas of the sea and orcas had easy access to those shallow areas and were responsible for endeavoring of sea otters.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 150, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...er sea animals. These claims refute the authors implication that pollution is the main ...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 232, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'orcas'' or 'orca's'?
Suggestion: orcas'; orca's
...denies this point by insisting that the orcas theory is true because sea otters and o...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, moreover, so, while, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1203.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 234.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.14102564103 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.91114542567 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67137774193 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 118.0 145.348785872 81% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.504273504274 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 373.5 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 8.0 13.0662251656 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 29.0 21.2450331126 137% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 46.5334221286 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 150.375 110.228320801 136% => OK
Words per sentence: 29.25 21.698381199 135% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.75 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.287713783296 0.272083759551 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.153696274259 0.0996497079465 154% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0258680662156 0.0662205650399 39% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.198346876831 0.162205337803 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0191839291882 0.0443174109184 43% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.4 13.3589403974 130% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.04 53.8541721854 78% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.12 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.06 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.6 10.498013245 130% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 150, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...er sea animals. These claims refute the authors implication that pollution is the main ...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 232, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'orcas'' or 'orca's'?
Suggestion: orcas'; orca's
...denies this point by insisting that the orcas theory is true because sea otters and o...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, moreover, so, while, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1203.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 234.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.14102564103 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.91114542567 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67137774193 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 118.0 145.348785872 81% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.504273504274 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 373.5 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 8.0 13.0662251656 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 29.0 21.2450331126 137% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 46.5334221286 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 150.375 110.228320801 136% => OK
Words per sentence: 29.25 21.698381199 135% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.75 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.287713783296 0.272083759551 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.153696274259 0.0996497079465 154% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0258680662156 0.0662205650399 39% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.198346876831 0.162205337803 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0191839291882 0.0443174109184 43% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.4 13.3589403974 130% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.04 53.8541721854 78% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.12 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.06 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.6 10.498013245 130% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.