Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
Reading:
Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Both the reading and the listening passage are talking about whether Pterosaurs are capable of flying. In the reading passage, the author provides three aspect to deny their ability to fly. However, in the listening passage, the lecturer disagrees.
First, the author says that, cold-blooded animals are unable to generate sufficient energy to fly. Nevertheless, the lecturer argues that, a recent discovery shows that Pterosaurs might have dense hair covering, which indicates that Pterosaurs may be warm-blooded animal.
Second, the author also states that, there is a limit weight of animals that can be kept airborne. But the lecturer argues that a recent study indicates that Pterosaurs' bones are hollow. Which means that despite of the fact that Pterosaurs have big body frame, their weight might not be too heavy to stay airborne.
Third, the author further claims that Pterosaurs's leg muscles might not be strong enough to power them into the air. Yet, the lecturer points out that Pterosaurs uses its four limbs to jump instead of two legs. Thus, Pterosaurs may be able to launch themselves into the air.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-02-12 | Flaka | 70 | view |
| 2018-02-08 | NILU BHADANI | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 154, Rule ID: CD_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun 'aspect' seems to be countable, so consider using: 'aspects'.
Suggestion: aspects
...ding passage, the author provides three aspect to deny their ability to fly. However, ...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, so, third, thus, talking about
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 19.0 30.3222958057 63% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 942.0 1373.03311258 69% => OK
No of words: 181.0 270.72406181 67% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.2044198895 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.66791821706 4.04702891845 91% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50032811253 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 106.0 145.348785872 73% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.585635359116 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 278.1 419.366225166 66% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 29.7382520731 49.2860985944 60% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.6363636364 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.4545454545 21.698381199 76% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.63636363636 7.06452816374 108% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.146272442981 0.272083759551 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0568831331519 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.03120752776 0.0662205650399 47% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0885239229205 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0154235841212 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.58 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.83 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 39.0 63.6247240618 61% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.