TPO 31 A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether Sinosauropteryx, which is a dinosaur discovered in China and shown some lines around its skeleton, was feathered or not. The author of the reading believes that there are three reasons why those lines are not feathers. The lecturer challeneges the statements made by the author. she is of the opinion that the evidences are strongly on the side of the feather hypothesis.
First of all, the author suggests that the fine lines were formed after the dinosaur. it is mentioned that the skin fibers were mistaken as feathers. The argument is refuted by the lecturer. she says the other animals that were found at the same site did not have such lines. Furthermore, she argues that functional skin impressions of other animals from the site perserved really well, and so those lines are not fibers, but feathers.
Secondly, the article posists that researchers cannot tell from which part of the dinosaur the lines were from. The article notes that many dinosaurs had frills. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by asserting that there are chemical difference between frills and feathers. she elaborates on this by mentioning that a chemical called beta keratin is found in feather, and they found this chemical in the fossil of the dinosaur.
Finally, it is stated in the article that feathers are for flying and endothermic activities. The article establishes that the fine lines were located on the backbone and tail regions of the dinosaur. so it is obvious that these were not for flying or thermal regulation. The lecturer, on the other hand, opposes that a bird called peacooc use feather as a display for attracting its mate, and so it was for this dinosaur. she puts forth the idea that researchers found that the feathers of this dinosaur were colorful, particularly orange and white, and were certainly used for display.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 271, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...asons why those lines are not feathers. The lecturer challeneges the statements mad...
^^^
Line 1, column 331, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...eges the statements made by the author. she is of the opinion that the evidences ar...
^^^
Line 3, column 87, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...e lines were formed after the dinosaur. it is mentioned that the skin fibers were ...
^^
Line 3, column 192, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...he argument is refuted by the lecturer. she says the other animals that were found ...
^^^
Line 5, column 275, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...difference between frills and feathers. she elaborates on this by mentioning that a...
^^^
Line 7, column 202, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...kbone and tail regions of the dinosaur. so it is obvious that these were not for f...
^^
Line 7, column 424, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
... mate, and so it was for this dinosaur. she puts forth the idea that researchers fo...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, really, second, secondly, so, well, as for, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 10.4613686534 229% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1569.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 315.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98095238095 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21286593061 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60663726344 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 154.0 145.348785872 106% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.488888888889 0.540411800872 90% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 489.6 419.366225166 117% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 39.9850666569 49.2860985944 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 87.1666666667 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.5 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.77777777778 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.364312191246 0.272083759551 134% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.111153126888 0.0996497079465 112% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0730557640764 0.0662205650399 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.216751011999 0.162205337803 134% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0190568260431 0.0443174109184 43% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.8 13.3589403974 81% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.31 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.19 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.