TPO 35
In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
The reading and the lecture both discuss voynich manuscript. While the reading states several theories to explain the origin of the manuscript, the lecturer refutes each of the theories and argues that none of the three people mentioned in the reading passage are the actual author of the voynich script.
First of all, the reading states that anthony ascham, who is a physician and botanist in the sixteenth-century period has created voynich manuscript. For the reason that the demonstration of the plants in the voynich manuscript is very similar to the illustration of the medical plants in anthony's book " A little Herbal''. However, the lecturer opposes this theory by asserting that anthony ascham is an ordinary man that unlikely to create such sophisticated codes. Besides, the plants in the voynich manuscript is quite common that they are simply based on a well- known source.
Furthermore, the second theory suggests that the voynich manuscript has been created by Edward kelley, a person who obtained money by tricking nobles with magical power. according to the reading, the manuscript is a fake and has meaningless content.
On the other hand, the lecturer cast doubts on this theory by saying that the manuscript has complicated codes that is impossible to be created by kelley. Moreover, rich people in the fifteenth century were easily fooled and even a simple book without complex context could enable kelley to obtain his purpose.
Finally, the reading states that the manuscript is merely a contemporary fake created by Wilfrid M.voynich himself. In addition, voynich had the knowledge to create a fake book and sell it if he obtained a considerable offer. The lecture counters this theory by stating that according to the modern dating method, both vellum and ink are 400 years old. it is impossible to find ink that is 400 years old because it was not available. Therefore, the manuscript is unlikely created by voynich also.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
The reading and the lecture both discuss...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ual author of the voynich script. First of all, the reading states that an...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ly based on a well- known source. Furthermore, the second theory suggests ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 181, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: According
... by tricking nobles with magical power. according to the reading, the manuscript is a fak...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 11, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ble kelley to obtain his purpose. Finally, the reading states that the man...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 11, column 363, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
... both vellum and ink are 400 years old. it is impossible to find ink that is 400 y...
^^
Line 11, column 501, Rule ID: ALSO_SENT_END[1]
Message: 'Also' is not used at the end of the sentence. Use 'as well' instead.
Suggestion: as well
...nuscript is unlikely created by voynich also.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, moreover, second, so, therefore, well, while, in addition, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1648.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 320.0 270.72406181 118% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22948505376 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.73607268727 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5125 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 498.6 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 13.0 8.23620309051 158% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.4086724368 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.866666667 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3333333333 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.8 7.06452816374 139% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.211900000456 0.272083759551 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0852321918083 0.0996497079465 86% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.051460341996 0.0662205650399 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.118481957156 0.162205337803 73% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0441333040799 0.0443174109184 100% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 13.3589403974 101% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.59 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.07 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 89.0 63.6247240618 140% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.