The reading passage argues that pterosaurs were unable to perform powered flight because of the following three reasons, which are cold blooded reptiles, large weight and weak back leg muscles. However, the lecture casts doubt on the argument and dispute its reasons one by one.
First, according to the reading passage pterosaurs as one of ancient reptiles are likely to be cold blooded because modern reptiles are cold blooded. Therefore the slow metabolism of pterosaurs will not be able to supply the energy needed for powered flight. The lecture, by contrast, suggests that dense hairy fur covering, which is a typical feature of warm blooded animals, has been found on the pterosaurs and therefore it is possible that pterosaurs are warm blooded. Then it would be possible for them to make powered flight.
Second, it is said in the reading passage that pterosaurs were too heavy to be kept airborne by power flight. Contrary to that belief, the lecture argues that it is questionable to infer that pterosaurs were heavy from the fact that they were large. In fact, the lecture points out that pterosaurs had hallow light weight bones. Therefore such structure makes them unusually light for their big size. As a result, it is likely for pterosaurs to flap the wings fast enough to stay aloft.
Last but not the least, the reading passage asserts that since pterosaurs lack the strong back leg muscles, they would not be able to take off from the ground, which is a feature of powered flight. However, the lecture argues that unlike modern birds, which use two limbs to take off, pterosaurs were able to use four limbs. Therefore, by using four limbs to jump and run, pterosaurs were fast and high enough to take off from the ground and perform powered flight.
To put it in a nutshell, the lecture insists that it is quite possible for pterosaurs to make powered flight and the inference made in the reading passage are not grounded.
Essay topics
Votes
Essay reference notes: This topic is refereed from another essay topic, developed by user: IndiaDreamTrue
Essay Categories
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 151, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...cause modern reptiles are cold blooded. Therefore the slow metabolism of pterosaurs will ...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 309, Rule ID: LIGHT_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lightweight'?
Suggestion: lightweight
...e points out that pterosaurs had hallow light weight bones. Therefore such structure makes t...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 329, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...erosaurs had hallow light weight bones. Therefore such structure makes them unusually lig...
^^^^^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['but', 'first', 'however', 'second', 'so', 'then', 'therefore', 'in fact', 'as a result']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.211956521739 0.261695866417 81% => OK
Verbs: 0.190217391304 0.158904122519 120% => OK
Adjectives: 0.111413043478 0.0723426182421 154% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0489130434783 0.0435111971325 112% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0353260869565 0.0277247811725 127% => OK
Prepositions: 0.10597826087 0.128828473217 82% => OK
Participles: 0.0353260869565 0.0370669169778 95% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.35794514011 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0461956521739 0.0208969081088 221% => Less infinitives wanted.
Particles: 0.0108695652174 0.00154638098197 703% => OK
Determiners: 0.0788043478261 0.128158765124 61% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.00815217391304 0.0158828679856 51% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0135869565217 0.0114777025283 118% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1942.0 1645.83664459 118% => OK
No of words: 332.0 271.125827815 122% => OK
Chars per words: 5.84939759036 6.08160592843 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.2685907696 4.04852973271 105% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.364457831325 0.374372842146 97% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.277108433735 0.287516216867 96% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.14156626506 0.187439937562 76% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.0873493975904 0.113142543107 77% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.35794514011 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 152.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.457831325301 0.539623497131 85% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
Word variations: 45.9767350075 53.8517498576 85% => OK
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0529801325 115% => OK
Sentence length: 22.1333333333 21.7502111507 102% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.6457296676 49.3711431718 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 129.466666667 132.220823453 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.1333333333 21.7502111507 102% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.6 0.878197800319 68% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 3.39072847682 88% => OK
Readability: 49.8441767068 50.5018328374 99% => OK
Elegance: 1.28712871287 1.90840788429 67% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.648254008809 0.549887131256 118% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.146622260104 0.142949733639 103% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.0742969721369 0.0787303798458 94% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.603869086966 0.631733273073 96% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.177156620857 0.139662658121 127% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.289392281327 0.266732575781 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.112168720769 0.103435571967 108% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.391331311991 0.414875509568 94% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0181163080019 0.0530846634433 34% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.436479515452 0.40443939384 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0766641908919 0.0528353158467 145% => OK
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.26048565121 188% => Less neutral sentences wanted.
Positive topic words: 1.0 3.49668874172 29% => More positive topic words wanted.
Negative topic words: 4.0 3.62251655629 110% => OK
Neutral topic words: 6.0 3.1766004415 189% => OK
Total topic words: 11.0 10.2958057395 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 66.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.