TPO32(integrated)

In this set of materials, both the reading passage and the lecture discussed possible reasons that might caused "quackers" sounds heard in Russian submarines. The reading proposed three testimonies which might have caused the odd sounds. However, the lecture repudiated what stated in the reading passage resting upon fallacious premises and provides three counterclaims proofing that all that evidences could be rejected by experts.

Firstly, the reading argued that perhaps the sounds are made by ocra whales during a courtship ritual, as studies showed the sound they make for attracting a male are like those sound that had been heard in submarines. The professor contradicted this point by acknowledging that as whales live near the surface of water and submarines sails deep in ocean, this evidences is unlikely to be plausible. Moreover, no sonar ever has been detected whales nearby.

Secondly, the article claimed that maybe giant squids are the sources of that sound. Notwithstanding, the lecture highlighted that squids are always living in deep ocean, although this sound was only reported for one decade and suddenly disappeared. This claim could not answer the question that why the sound started and why it stopped.

Lastly, the article contended that another country's submarines and their related sounds from military technologies are to be blamed. This seemed to be incorrect as explained in the lecture. The speaker articulated that those sounds were moving around and changing directions very quickly, besides no noise has been ever reported from engines of other submarines. While there is no submarine with such characteristics this speculation could not be defended.