Bird is evolving to be less flashy in response to global warming
Sex may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you think of climate change. But for the collared flycatcher, the two seem to be linked in some mysterious way.
As temperatures have risen, male flycatchers’ brilliant white forehead patches have changed from a valuable sexual signal into a liability.
Since 1980, ecologist Lars Gustafsson at Uppsala University in Sweden has been monitoring a population of collared flycatchers on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Every year, he and his colleagues have marked every bird in the population with numbered leg-bands, allowing the parentage, reproductive success and survival of many generations of birds to be tracked.
In recent years, Gustafsson’s team has noticed that the males’ forehead patches have been shrinking. Team member Simon Evans wondered whether this change was just a response by individual birds to changing conditions, or whether the population as a whole was evolving.
So Evans combed through 34 years of records. He found that early on, birds with larger forehead patches were more likely to contribute genes to future generations than their small-patched neighbours, but this edge reversed in the second half of the study period. Further analysis showed that this change was associated with higher springtime temperatures, a result of changing climate.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, may, second, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 13.1623246493 68% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 7.85571142285 13% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 10.4138276553 48% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 5.0 7.30460921844 68% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 12.0 24.0651302605 50% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 41.998997996 74% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 8.3376753507 36% => More nominalization wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1154.0 1615.20841683 71% => OK
No of words: 212.0 315.596192385 67% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.44339622642 5.12529762239 106% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.81578560438 4.20363070211 91% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.04781230448 2.80592935109 109% => OK
Unique words: 144.0 176.041082164 82% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.679245283019 0.561755894193 121% => OK
syllable_count: 351.9 506.74238477 69% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.60771543086 106% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 5.43587174349 37% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.384769539078 0% => OK
Article: 2.0 2.52805611222 79% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 2.10420841683 95% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 0.809619238477 371% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 4.76152304609 42% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 16.0721442886 62% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 20.2975951904 103% => OK
Sentence length SD: 52.903686072 49.4020404114 107% => OK
Chars per sentence: 115.4 106.682146367 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.2 20.7667163134 102% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.7 7.06120827912 38% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.38176352705 114% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 5.01903807615 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 8.67935871743 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 3.9879759519 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 3.4128256513 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0959749457431 0.244688304435 39% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0338372803119 0.084324248473 40% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0387221158034 0.0667982634062 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0494616382332 0.151304729494 33% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.032484834077 0.056905535591 57% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.8 13.0946893788 113% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.7 50.2224549098 83% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.44779559118 118% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.7 11.3001002004 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.27 12.4159519038 115% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.82 8.58950901804 114% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 78.4519038076 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 9.78957915832 123% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.1190380762 103% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 10.7795591182 139% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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More content wanted.
Minimum 250 words wanted.
Rates: 56.1797752809 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 5.0 Out of 9
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.