TPO47-Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Both the reading and lecture discuss The Pterosaurs which is an ancient reptile that lived in the same time with the Dinosaurs. The author is of the opinion that the Pterosaurs was unable to flight and provides three reasons for support. On the other hand, the professor asserts that these reasons are unconvincing by refuting each reason.
To begin with, the reading claims that the pterosaurs was a cold blood reptile so has not enough energy to handle flight. However, the speaker says that these reason is not exact because their body has a dense hired cover that is maintained their body temperature so their metabolism was more like the warm blood animals. As a result their body can supply enough energy to handle the flying action.
Secondly, the author asserts that the mentioned animal has a large weight so cannot push from the earth .Conversely, the lecturer contends that despite the fact that these animals looked very huge, because of their special anatomy they did not have a high weight that prevent them from flying. Then, she explains that their bones structure is hollow so their weight decrease than what it seems. As a result they can flight in spite of huge body.
Eventually, the article mentions that their take off is like birds and did not effective. On the contrary, the professor explains that actually the Pterosaurs take off is really deferent from birds. Owing to the fact that birds use only foots for walking and take off but these animals walk on all limes. As a result, they can use their front legs to push from earth and finally they can easily lunch to the air.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 323, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “As” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...m was more like the warm blood animals. As a result their body can supply enough e...
^^
Line 5, column 104, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...rge weight so cannot push from the earth .Conversely, the lecturer contends that d...
^^
Line 5, column 106, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Conversely
...e weight so cannot push from the earth .Conversely, the lecturer contends that despite the...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 396, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “As” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...eir weight decrease than what it seems. As a result they can flight in spite of hu...
^^
Line 7, column 135, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...he contrary, the professor explains that actually the Pterosaurs take off is real...
^^
Line 7, column 415, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nally they can easily lunch to the air.
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, conversely, finally, however, look, really, second, secondly, so, then, as a result, in spite of, on the contrary, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 22.412803532 152% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1333.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 4.77777777778 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.23149297552 2.5805825403 86% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.534050179211 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 398.7 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 59.0710133262 49.2860985944 120% => OK
Chars per sentence: 102.538461538 110.228320801 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4615384615 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.4615384615 7.06452816374 176% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.29841573876 0.272083759551 110% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.102422525095 0.0996497079465 103% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0452893139982 0.0662205650399 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.167981664178 0.162205337803 104% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0143967434549 0.0443174109184 32% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 67.08 53.8541721854 125% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.44 12.2367328918 85% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.85 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.