In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book’s content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript.
The reading proposes several theories to explain the origin of the "Voynich manuscript" which has been found by a bookseller named Voynich. However, the lecturer finds the idea dubious and casts doubt on the reasons proposed by the reading.
First, the author argues that according to the resemblance found in the plants discussed in the manuscript and another work, the manuscript might have been written on some scientific or magical subject by a physician named Ascham. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that an ordinary physician like Ascham could not have written such a book. Since his works are about common plants which are based on other prominent scientists' work. Therefore, he couldn't have devoted so much effort to create a secret and sophisticated work to talk about typical information.
Moreover, the reading passage holds the view that the manuscript could have had meaningless content and was probably written by Kelley so as to sell to a wealthy noble. On the contrary, the professor underlines the fact that although Kelly was famous for tricking people, there was no need for him to put such great attention to create a complex manuscript to deceive other people. Since people in the 16th century were not that clever and were easy to be fooled, a simple book was probably suitable for this purpose.
Finally, the reading asserts that Voynich who was also an antique bookseller may have created the manuscript to sell it as a mysterious old book. In contrast, the speaker dismisses the issue due to the fact that the material detection experiments have indicated that the manuscript's paper and ink are dated back to 400 years ago. Although he may have been able to forge the paper by using some old manuscripts, he could not have used the same ink. Therefore, the manuscript has already been created by another author before he found it.
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- Do you agree or disagree that job has a greater effect on your overall happiness than social life? 73
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- Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a met 73
- In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rap 90
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 351, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Since” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...ham could not have written such a book. Since his works are about common plants which...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 457, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...rominent scientists work. Therefore, he couldnt have devoted so much effort to create a...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 136, Rule ID: SO_AS_TO[1]
Message: Use simply 'to'
Suggestion: to
...tent and was probably written by Kelley so as to sell to a wealthy noble. On the contrar...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, conversely, finally, first, however, if, may, moreover, so, therefore, as to, in contrast, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1573.0 1373.03311258 115% => OK
No of words: 314.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 5.00955414013 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.20951839842 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67135193129 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 175.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.557324840764 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 478.8 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.8111305551 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 121.0 110.228320801 110% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.1538461538 21.698381199 111% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.61538461538 7.06452816374 122% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.222962746607 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0767709627518 0.0996497079465 77% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.056672777085 0.0662205650399 86% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.132660778402 0.162205337803 82% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0349810289693 0.0443174109184 79% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.2 13.3589403974 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.7 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.