Archaeologists have recently found a fossil of a 150-million-year-old mammal known as Repenornamus robustus (R. robustus). Interestingly, the mammal's stomach contained the remains of a psittacosaur dinosaur. Some researchers have
therefore suggested that R. robustus was an active hunter of dinosaurs. However, a closer analysis has made the hypothesis that R. robustus was an active hunter unlikely. It was probably Just a scavenger that sometimes fed on dinosaur eggs containing unhatched dinosaurs.
First, R. robustus, like most mammals living 150 million years ago, was small— only about the size of a domestic cat. It was much smaller than psittacosaurs, which were almost two meters tall when full grown. Given this size difference, it is unlikely that R. robustus would have been able to successfully hunt psittacosaurs or similar dinosaurs.
Second, the legs of R. robustus appear much more suited for scavenging than hunting: they were short and positioned somewhat to the side rather than directly underneath the animal. These features suggest that R. robustus did not chase after prey. Psittacosaurs—the type of dinosaur found in the stomach of R. robustus—were fast moving. It is unlikely that they would have been caught by such short-legged animals.
Third, the dinosaur bones inside the stomach of the R. robustus provide no evidence to support the idea that the dinosaur had been actively hunted. When an animal has been hunted and eaten by another animal, there are usually teeth marks on the bones of the animal that was eaten. But the bones of the psittacosaur inside the R. robustus stomach do not have teeth marks. This suggests that R. robustus found an unguarded dinosaur nest with eggs and simply swallowed an egg with the small psittacosaur still inside the eggshell.
The passage and the lecture is about whether R. robustus was an active hunter or a scavanger based on three points. The reading argues that the R. robustus was a scavnager but the lecturer gave her opinion against it and posited that it was an active hunter.
Firstly, the passage presented the size of the R. robustus as an evidence mof it being a scavanger. In the opinion of the writer as the R. robustus was only a size of domestic cat, so it can't hunt other dinosaurs like Psittacosaurs which are of atleast two meter tall when full grown. The lecturer, however, pointed out that it is possible that the R. robustus hunted on the baby dinosaurs. In support of her point, she said that the relation of the weight of predator and prey is consistent for the R. robustus and the baby dinosaurs. Thus the lecturer said that the R. robustus was an active hunter.
secondly, the passage said that the position of the legs of the R. robustus doesn't suit for hunting as it is positioned to the side of the body rather then under the body. But the lecture goes against this point. The lecturer, in support of her point, gave example of an animal named Tasmanian devil which is an active hunter and has its legs at the side of its body. But it still can reach the speed of fifteen kilometers per hour. Thus she concluded that it is also possible for an ancient animal like R. robustus to be a active hunter too.
Finally, the writer in the passge pointed at the lack of teeth mark on the fossil of the dinosaur found in the R. robustus fossil. The lecturer, however, refutes this point by stating that the reading overlooked an important point about the tooth structure of R. robustus. The back teeth of the R. robustus was not used for chewing which was deducted from it comparatively less wear. Thus it was posited that the R. robustus used to swallow its prey as a whole instead of chewing it. Thus, according to the lecturer, this accounts for the lack of teeth mark and concludes that R. robustus was an active hunter.
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- TOEFL TPO 43 - Integrated Writing Task 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
... was only a size of domestic cat, so it cant hunt other dinosaurs like Psittacosaurs...
^^^^
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'cants'?
Suggestion: cants
... was only a size of domestic cat, so it cant hunt other dinosaurs like Psittacosaurs...
^^^^
Line 3, column 258, Rule ID: CD_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun 'meter' seems to be countable, so consider using: 'meters'.
Suggestion: meters
... Psittacosaurs which are of atleast two meter tall when full grown. The lecturer, how...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 537, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...the R. robustus and the baby dinosaurs. Thus the lecturer said that the R. robustus ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Secondly
...he R. robustus was an active hunter. secondly, the passage said that the position of ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 77, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...position of the legs of the R. robustus doesnt suit for hunting as it is positioned to...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 152, Rule ID: RATHER_THEN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'than'? 'than' is used for comparisons, 'then' is an expression of time.
Suggestion: than
...sitioned to the side of the body rather then under the body. But the lecture goes ag...
^^^^
Line 5, column 434, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...e speed of fifteen kilometers per hour. Thus she concluded that it is also possible ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 523, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...n ancient animal like R. robustus to be a active hunter too. Finally, the writ...
^
Line 7, column 385, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...ducted from it comparatively less wear. Thus it was posited that the R. robustus use...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, look, second, secondly, so, still, then, thus
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1658.0 1373.03311258 121% => OK
No of words: 369.0 270.72406181 136% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.49322493225 5.08290768461 88% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.38284983912 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.38200128607 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.420054200542 0.540411800872 78% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 509.4 419.366225166 121% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 29.0 13.0662251656 222% => Too many sentences.
Sentence length: 12.0 21.2450331126 56% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.8021898249 49.2860985944 77% => OK
Chars per sentence: 57.1724137931 110.228320801 52% => More chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 12.724137931 21.698381199 59% => More words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 3.24137931034 7.06452816374 46% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 10.0 4.19205298013 239% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 17.0 4.27373068433 398% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.124707224176 0.272083759551 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0441983925311 0.0996497079465 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0612704910481 0.0662205650399 93% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0875286988619 0.162205337803 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0386846837414 0.0443174109184 87% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 6.1 13.3589403974 46% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 76.22 53.8541721854 142% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 5.6 11.0289183223 51% => Flesch kincaid grade is low.
coleman_liau_index: 7.87 12.2367328918 64% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 6.76 8.42419426049 80% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 6.8 10.498013245 65% => OK
text_standard: 7.0 11.2008830022 62% => The average readability is low. Need to imporve the language.
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.