In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer
Recently, there has been a ton of debates about the real author of the Voynich manuscript. More specifically, regarding the passage, the writer puts forth the idea that there are three theories have been suggested to illustrate the origin of the Voynich manuscript. In the listening passage, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. The professor believes that none of the three people mentioned in the reading passage is a real author, and addresses, in detail the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that this manuscript is work on the magical subjects done by Anthony Ascham in the sixteenth-century. Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim. In the listening, such as, the professor states that Anthony Ascham is not the real author of the manuscript. He goes on to say that Ascham is an ordinary physician who could not write something complicated as this manuscript.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that the Voynich manuscript is an old fake manuscript written by Edward Kelley. Of course, though, not all experts in this field believe this is correct. Again, the speaker specifically addresses this point when he says that the creator of this manuscript took a lot of care to write the manuscript so it could look like a code. However, Kelley did not have a reason to put a lot of effort into this manuscript.
Finally, the author wraps his argument by positing that the Voynich manuscript is a modern fake manuscript created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes this issue with his claim by contending that the volume of the ink used to write the Voynich manuscript is 400 years old. Consequently, Voynich had never been able to get this kind of ink.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 122, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ipt is an old fake manuscript written by Edward Kelley. Of course, though, not al...
^^
Line 13, column 60, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... wraps his argument by positing that the Voynich manuscript is a modern fake manu...
^^
Line 13, column 269, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... the volume of the ink used to write the Voynich manuscript is 400 years old. Con...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
consequently, finally, first, however, if, look, regarding, so, kind of, of course, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 46.0 30.3222958057 152% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1571.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 319.0 270.72406181 118% => OK
Chars per words: 4.92476489028 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22617688928 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76819725605 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.514106583072 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 468.0 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.8138075123 49.2860985944 91% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.733333333 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.2666666667 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.06666666667 7.06452816374 86% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.204890836299 0.272083759551 75% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.080200159437 0.0996497079465 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.061723906085 0.0662205650399 93% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.134295367975 0.162205337803 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0550181178449 0.0443174109184 124% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.4 13.3589403974 93% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.26 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.85 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.