Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile’s main source of power, the internal-combustion engines. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engines is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource, someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines, cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world’s pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only by-product of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
The reading states that car manufactures and governments are going to replace the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine, and one of the most promising alternative source is the use of hydrogen to produce electricity in fuel-cell engine. However, the lecturer finds all the ideas dubious and presents some evidence to refute them all.
First, the author argues that the internal-combustion engine depend on petroleum, other form of gasoline or diesel fuel. These natural sources of energy are finite and in a near future will finish, but the use of hydrogen can solve this problem. There are various plentiful sources of Hydrogen like natural gas and water. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that hydrogen is not easily accessible and the process of hydrogen purification needs a high- tech knowledge and instruments for obtaining pure liquid state and its store.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that the main by- product of hydrogen usage is water, while by burning the oil, carbon dioxide is producing that will increase the world's pollution problems. On the contrary, the professor underlines the fact that the factories to pure hydrogen must use the coal and oil, and this may generate more pollution.
Finally, the reading asserts that a fuel-cell engine is more efficient in using its fuel than an internal-combustion engine and to go the same distance these engines use little amount of their fuel. In contrast, the speaker dismisses this issue due to the fact that in a fuel- cell engine to produce the electricity by hydrogen, the pieces of platinum are used that are very expensive and rare.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-14 | f.jafary66@gmail.com | 81 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 180, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'worlds'' or 'world's'?
Suggestion: worlds'; world's
...ide is producing that will increase the worlds pollution problems. On the contrary, th...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, may, so, while, in contrast, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 14.0 7.30242825607 192% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1394.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 270.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.16296296296 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05360046442 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.93649287379 2.5805825403 114% => OK
Unique words: 156.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.577777777778 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 449.1 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 56.96455038 49.2860985944 116% => OK
Chars per sentence: 139.4 110.228320801 126% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.0 21.698381199 124% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.3 7.06452816374 146% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.289823378916 0.272083759551 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.107508263209 0.0996497079465 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.140825683449 0.0662205650399 213% => The coherence between sentences is low.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.173940499331 0.162205337803 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.133616644603 0.0443174109184 301% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.4 13.3589403974 123% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 35.61 53.8541721854 66% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.0289183223 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.94 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.3 8.42419426049 110% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.