Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity—a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The lecture and the article both discussing about long distance migration of humpback whales.The article is discussing that humpback whales are navigated by stars .Here lecturer is not convienced by the points claim by the author
To begin with author of the article argues that humpback whales have higher level of degree of complexity which is the determiner of intelligence.He believes that whales brain power exceeding far from other animals and their cognitive developments are also well developed.This ability provide sound basis to use sensory stimuli like night sky for orientation. On the otherhand lecturer contradicts by poining that humpback whales cognitive development is only average . There are other animals those can use sky for orientation .He added that bird used to follow this for migration.
In addition author posits that humpback whales migrate in a straight line. He claims that animals can travel by mainting a straight line only if thay are driven by some external forces or some objects. Many birds and animals rely on some landmarks .But in this case these particular whales are migrate through ocean and they will not be any physical landmarks.So that itself he state that they are navigated by stars and external sighns. However lecturer challenges the claims made by the author . He is of the idea that these whales are driven by earth magnetic fiels .Stars are not take pat any of the roles here.
Finally author is discussing about the unusual behavior of the humpback whales the Spy hopping.He mentioned that one explanation for this behavior which is unusual in marine animals is they are looking at the stars.Lecturer rebuts this idea by explaining that the cocept of whales looking at stars is a pure speculation .Moreover he think that sharks usually do spyhopping .In his opinion they are looking for the animal they have to hund tahn navigatory purpose.
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- Because of climate change more and more land that was once used to grow crops or provide food for animals is turning to dry unusable desert land There are many proposals about how to stop this process known as desertification A number of proposals involve 61
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, look, moreover, so, well, in addition, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1593.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 310.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 5.13870967742 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19604776685 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67561791237 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 166.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.535483870968 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 509.4 419.366225166 121% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 34.0 21.2450331126 160% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 178.801565989 49.2860985944 363% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 177.0 110.228320801 161% => OK
Words per sentence: 34.4444444444 21.698381199 159% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.44444444444 7.06452816374 134% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 29.0 4.19205298013 692% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.292373817183 0.272083759551 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.111592024564 0.0996497079465 112% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0794980695154 0.0662205650399 120% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.177146117783 0.162205337803 109% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0363024097346 0.0443174109184 82% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 20.0 13.3589403974 150% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 36.97 53.8541721854 69% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.6 11.0289183223 151% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.12 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.04 8.42419426049 107% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 29.5 10.7273730684 275% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 15.6 10.498013245 149% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.