Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity'a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
What are reasons that humpback whales can be navigated by the stars, is the focus of both the writer and the professor. In the writing, three reasons, including whales' intelligence, migrating in straight lines, and spy-hopping behavior, have been elaborated. The professor, however, claims that these reasons are not convincing.e
As opposed to the writer's idea that the stars can navigate humpback whales because of their high intelligence, the professor states that there is no connection between intelligence and navigating by stars. He advances the theory by saying that there are other animals like a kind of birds, which can use stars to navigate, but the birds do not have high intelligence, so there is no real connection between intelligence and navigation by stars.
The professor continues to discredit the writing's assertion that whales are migrating in straight lines, which indicates that they use stars to navigate, by examining the fact that humpback whales can use other objects to navigate. In detail, he points out that this kind of whale is sensitive to the magnetic field, so this object can navigate them.
It is the professor's third argument that other animals depend on spy-hopping behaviors to do other things, which contradicts the view of the writer that humpback whales have spy-hopping behaviors that indicate they look for stars to navigate. To explore deeper, the professor contends that sharks also have spy-hopping behavior, but they use it for hunting prey, and they prey during the day, so it is not related between this behavior and navigating.
An apparent divide exists between the writer and the professor on whether humpback whales use stars to navigate.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 19, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'writers'' or 'writer's'?
Suggestion: writers'; writer's
...e not convincing.e As opposed to the writers idea that the stars can navigate humpba...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 42, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'writings'' or 'writing's'?
Suggestion: writings'; writing's
...he professor continues to discredit the writings assertion that whales are migrating in ...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, look, so, third, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1434.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 273.0 270.72406181 101% => OK
Chars per words: 5.25274725275 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06481385082 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76735987347 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 128.0 145.348785872 88% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.468864468864 0.540411800872 87% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 434.7 419.366225166 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 61.3528551863 49.2860985944 124% => OK
Chars per sentence: 159.333333333 110.228320801 145% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.3333333333 21.698381199 140% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.88888888889 7.06452816374 69% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.20789261363 0.272083759551 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.106190436655 0.0996497079465 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0348348280284 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.131395993312 0.162205337803 81% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0169043855374 0.0443174109184 38% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.5 13.3589403974 138% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.03 53.8541721854 76% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.0289183223 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.76 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.54 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 19, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'writers'' or 'writer's'?
Suggestion: writers'; writer's
...e not convincing.e As opposed to the writers idea that the stars can navigate humpba...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 42, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'writings'' or 'writing's'?
Suggestion: writings'; writing's
...he professor continues to discredit the writings assertion that whales are migrating in ...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, look, so, third, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1434.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 273.0 270.72406181 101% => OK
Chars per words: 5.25274725275 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06481385082 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76735987347 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 128.0 145.348785872 88% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.468864468864 0.540411800872 87% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 434.7 419.366225166 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 61.3528551863 49.2860985944 124% => OK
Chars per sentence: 159.333333333 110.228320801 145% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.3333333333 21.698381199 140% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.88888888889 7.06452816374 69% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.20789261363 0.272083759551 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.106190436655 0.0996497079465 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0348348280284 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.131395993312 0.162205337803 81% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0169043855374 0.0443174109184 38% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.5 13.3589403974 138% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.03 53.8541721854 76% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.0289183223 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.76 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.54 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.